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Critical Topics and Their Significance for the UPSC CSE Examination on October 02, 2024

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MINI MOON  2024 PT5

For Prelims Examination: Current events of national and international importance

For Mains Examination: GS III - Science & Technology

Context:

An asteroid named 2024 PT5 has been captured by Earth’s gravitational pull and will revolve around the planet between September 29 and November 25. It was discovered by a team of scientists on August 7, and their findings were published in the journal “Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society” in September.

Read about:

What is Mini Moon 2024 pt5?

What are Mini Moon events?

Key takeaways:

• In late September 2024, Earth is expected to temporarily capture a small asteroid, designated 2024 PT5, as a "mini-moon." This celestial body, about 10 meters wide, will orbit Earth for a brief period, from September 29 to November 25, before being pulled away by the Sun’s gravity. This phenomenon occurs when a Near-Earth Object (NEO) gets caught by Earth's gravitational field, creating a temporary satellite.
• 2024 PT5 originated from the Arjuna asteroid belt, and this is not the first time such an event has happened. Similar temporary moons have been documented in the past, like in 2022 with asteroid 2022 NX1.
• Although the mini-moon is too small and dim to be easily observed by amateur astronomers, professionals with larger telescopes can track its orbit. After its temporary stay, 2024 PT5 is expected to return to a solar orbit and could potentially be recaptured in the future, with astronomers predicting possible reappearances in 2025 and 2055.
• This fascinating event underscores how Earth's gravitational pull occasionally interacts with nearby objects, giving us temporary companions in space. Despite initial concerns, 2024 PT5 poses no risk of impacting Earth.

 Mini Moon Events

A "mini-moon" event occurs when a small Near-Earth Object (NEO) or asteroid is temporarily captured by Earth's gravitational field, becoming a short-term natural satellite. These mini-moons are typically small in size—often just a few meters wide—and they orbit Earth for a limited time, ranging from a few months to a couple of years, before being pulled back into orbit around the Sun due to gravitational interactions.

Mini-moons are rare because of the specific conditions required for an object to be captured. Most NEOs pass by Earth without being affected, but occasionally, one is caught by Earth’s gravity. While in orbit, these objects behave like small, secondary moons, though they are much smaller than our primary Moon.

Some notable mini-moons include:

• 2006 RH120: One of the first mini-moons discovered, which orbited Earth from 2006 to 2007.
• 2020 CD3: Detected in 2020, this asteroid orbited Earth for around three years before leaving Earth's orbit.
• 2024 PT5: Expected to orbit Earth from September to November 2024, this asteroid will briefly act as a mini-moon before continuing its journey in space.

Although mini-moons are generally too small to pose any threat to Earth, they are of great interest to astronomers and scientists. These objects provide opportunities for studying NEOs, and they may one day serve as targets for spacecraft missions or exploration. Mini-moons also offer insights into the dynamics of asteroid capture and orbital mechanics

Follow Up Question

Mahatma Gandhi's concept of non-violence (ahimsa) is not only central to his political philosophy but also serves as a guiding principle in his writings and speeches, significantly contributing to the discourse on peace and justice. Here's an overview of how Gandhi articulated and promoted non-violence through his literacy and thought:

Key Aspects of Gandhi's Non-Violence Philosophy

• Philosophical Foundations: Gandhi's approach to non-violence is deeply rooted in various philosophical traditions, including Hinduism, Jainism, and Christianity. He believed that true non-violence goes beyond merely refraining from physical harm; it encompasses thoughts and words as well. For Gandhi, ahimsa was a way of life that required a commitment to compassion and love for all beings.

• Political Activism: Gandhi effectively utilized non-violent methods in India's struggle for independence from British rule. He organized numerous campaigns, including the Salt March and the Quit India Movement, promoting civil disobedience without resorting to violence. His writings during this period, such as in his journal "Young India," laid out his philosophy and provided a moral framework for resistance against oppression.

• Literary Contributions: Gandhi wrote extensively on the topic of non-violence in various forms, including essays, letters, and speeches. His works often emphasized the importance of truth (satya) and non-violence as interconnected principles. In his autobiography, "The Story of My Experiments with Truth," he shares personal experiences that shaped his understanding of ahimsa.

• Global Influence: Gandhi's non-violence philosophy transcended national boundaries, influencing civil rights movements worldwide. Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela drew inspiration from Gandhi's methods, adapting them to their contexts to combat injustice. Gandhi's principles continue to inspire contemporary movements for peace and justice.

• Critique of Violence: In his writings, Gandhi argued against the effectiveness of violence, asserting that it leads to more violence and perpetuates cycles of hatred. He believed that non-violent resistance would garner greater moral authority and ultimately lead to more meaningful social change.

 

Follow Up Question

 

1.Which of the following movements was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 as a response to the Rowlatt Act?

 

A) Non-Cooperation Movement
B) Quit India Movement
C) Champaran Satyagraha
D) Khilafat Movement

 

Answer (A)   Rowlatt Act: Enacted in March 1919, this act allowed the British government to imprison any Indian without trial and curtail civil liberties, leading to widespread unrest. Gandhi saw this as an infringement on the rights of Indians and decided to take action. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): Though the Non-Cooperation Movement was formally launched in 1920, it was a direct consequence of the discontent stemming from the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919. Gandhi urged Indians to withdraw from British institutions and promote self-reliance

 

 

Small Modular Reactors seen as key for countries to achieve energy transition

 

For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

 

For Mains Examination: GS-II, GS-III: Government policies and interventions; Indigenization of technology and developing new technology

 

Context:

 

India’s plans to get into the manufacturing value chain of Small Modular Reactors are yielding some positives with a handful of private players learnt to have shown interest in deploying these at their captive site

 

 

Read about:

 

What are small modular reactors (SMRs)?

 

How are SMRs different from traditional nuclear reactors?

 

Key takeaways:

 

• Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), which have a capacity ranging from 30 MWe to 300 MWe per unit, are increasingly recognized as essential for ensuring that nuclear energy remains a viable and competitive option in the future.
• India aims to secure a leadership role in the SMR sector as part of its commitment to transitioning to clean energy and to leverage SMRs as a technology-driven aspect of its foreign policy.
• Countries are looking to SMRs to help achieve their energy transition goals, and Russia is reportedly interested in enhancing its nuclear collaboration with India to include SMR partnerships.
• Typically, an SMR produces about one-third of the capacity of most conventional nuclear reactors used in nations like France, Russia, and the United States. These reactors are crucial for providing baseload power, allowing grid operators greater operational flexibility.
• When aggregated, SMRs can generate a significant amount of electricity, assisting in meeting the demand for more baseload power to complement the inconsistencies of renewable energy sources. While thermal generation is important in this context, nuclear energy presents a more carbon-neutral option for baseload generation.
• India's civil nuclear program has gradually increased reactor sizes, moving from the earlier 220 MWe models to the current 700 MWe pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs).
• However, the country maintains an advantage in the production and commercial operation of smaller reactors. The longstanding advocacy for SMRs is now poised to become mainstream, with potential backing from countries like the United States, particularly in financing and technology sharing.
• In the civil nuclear domain, India is promoting SMRs as a promising technology for industrial decarbonization, striving to take a leading role in the distribution of this technology. SMRs are viewed not only as effective for generating baseload power—where thermal energy is crucial—but also as a more carbon-neutral option alongside renewables.
• Designed for efficiency, SMRs have systems and components manufactured in a controlled factory setting and then transported to the installation site, which reduces construction time and costs—two significant issues associated with traditional large reactor projects.
• They offer deployment advantages, such as a smaller Emergency Planning Zone and passive safety systems, making them relatively safer compared to larger reactor projects

 

 Follow Up Question

 

1.In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under "IAEA Safeguards" while others are not? (UPSC 2020)

A. Some use uranium and others use thorium

B. Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies

C. Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises

D. Some are State-owned and others are privately-owned

 

Answer (B)   In India, the distinction between nuclear reactors under IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) safeguards and those not under such safeguards primarily relates to the sources of fuel used in these reactors. Imported Uranium vs. Domestic Supplies: Reactors that utilize imported uranium are generally placed under IAEA safeguards. This is part of international agreements to ensure that nuclear materials are not diverted for non-peaceful uses. In contrast, reactors that use domestic sources of fuel, like those utilizing thorium or indigenous uranium, might not be subject to the same level of scrutiny since they are part of India's strategic nuclear program. Nuclear Cooperation Agreements: India has entered into nuclear cooperation agreements with several countries (like the U.S., France, and Russia), which often stipulate that reactors using imported fuel must be under IAEA safeguards. This allows India to ensure the peaceful use of nuclear energy while engaging in international nuclear commerce . Strategic Autonomy: India's focus on developing its indigenous nuclear technology, particularly thorium reactors, is part of its broader strategy to achieve energy security and reduce dependence on foreign fuel sources. These reactors may not be under IAEA safeguards because they are considered part of India's strategic nuclear capabilities

 

 

 

Amid ‘cyber slavery’ reports, about 30,000 Indians yet to return from Southeast Asia; Punjab tops list

 

For Preliminary Examination: Current events of National and international importance

 

For Mains Examination: GS III - Science & Technology

 

Context:

 

While 29,466 of the 73,138 Indians who travelled to Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam on visitor visas from January 2022 to May 2024 are yet to return, more than half (17,115) of these are in the 20-39 years age group; 21,182 are males; over one-third are from three states — Punjab (3,667), Maharashtra (3,233) and Tamil Nadu (3,124); and Thailand accounts for over 69 per cent of the total at 20,450

 

Read about:

 

What is ‘cyber slavery’?

 

What is cybercrime?

 

Key takeaways:

 

Cyber slavery refers to the exploitation of individuals through digital means, where they are subjected to forced labor, trafficking, or coercion in the online space. This form of modern slavery often involves:

• Human Trafficking: Victims are lured through false job offers or manipulated into providing personal information online, leading to exploitation in various forms, including forced sex work or labor.

• Digital Exploitation: This can include situations where individuals are controlled or monitored through technology, making it difficult for them to escape their circumstances. Cybersecurity vulnerabilities may allow traffickers to manipulate or control their victims remotely.

• Online Platforms: Social media and job-search websites can be used by traffickers to recruit and exploit victims. The anonymity and reach of the internet can facilitate these crimes.

• Vulnerable Populations: Young people, particularly those in lower socio-economic conditions, are often targeted due to their lack of resources and support, making them more susceptible to exploitation

Implications and Responses

Cyber slavery is a significant issue that intersects with broader concerns of human rights, labor rights, and digital ethics. Organizations and governments are increasingly recognizing the need for stronger regulations and protections against such practices. Efforts include:

• Raising awareness about the signs of cyber slavery.
• Implementing stricter regulations on online platforms to prevent exploitation.
• Providing support services for victims

 

Follow Up Question

 

1.In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC 2020)

 

1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer

2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so

3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion

4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit

 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

 

A. 1, 2 and 4 only       

B. 1, 3 and 4 only       

C. 2 and 3 only         

D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer (D)   In India, cyber insurance for individuals typically covers several benefits in addition to compensation for the loss of funds. Based on the options provided: Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer - Generally covered as it relates to restoring access after a cyber incident. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so - This may not be commonly covered as it usually depends on the policy specifics, but damages from malicious acts could be included under certain circumstances. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion - Often included in cyber insurance policies, as professional assistance is critical to handle extortion situations. Cost of defense in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit - Legal defense costs are generally covered to protect against claims resulting from cyber incidents

 

 

 

Nepal: 170 dead after rain triggers landslides, floods

 

For Preliminary Examination:  Current events of antional and international Importance

 

For Mains Examination: GS I - World Geography

 

Context:

 

Over 20,000 security personnel have been mobilised to rescue people, sources said, adding that nearly 3,626 people have been moved to safety.

 

Read about:

 

What are Landslides?

 

How prone is India to landslides?

 

Key takeaways:

 

A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope due to gravity. This phenomenon can occur suddenly or gradually and is often triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, or human activities like deforestation and construction.

 

Types:

• Rotational Landslides: Occur when a mass of earth rotates around a pivot point.
• Translational Landslides: Involve the sliding of material down a flat or gently inclined surface.
• Rockfalls: Involve the sudden fall of rock from a steep slope or cliff

 

Reasons for Landslides in India

 

 India is highly prone to landslides due to its diverse topography and climatic conditions. Several factors contribute to this vulnerability:

 

• India has several mountainous regions, particularly in the Himalayas, Western Ghats, and Northeast India. These areas are characterized by steep slopes, which are more susceptible to landslides.
• Regions such as the Himalayas are tectonically active. Earthquakes can trigger landslides, making these areas particularly vulnerable
• The Indian monsoon brings significant rainfall, especially in regions like the Western Ghats and Northeast India. Intense and prolonged rainfall can saturate soils, increasing the likelihood of landslides
• Human activities, such as deforestation, mining, and urbanization, disrupt the stability of slopes. The removal of vegetation reduces soil cohesion, making landslides more likely.

Regions at Risk

• Himalayan States: States like Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir frequently experience landslides due to their steep terrain and heavy monsoonal rains.
• Northeast India: States such as Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya are also prone to landslides, particularly during the monsoon season.
• Western Ghats: This region faces landslide risks, particularly in Kerala and Karnataka, especially during heavy rainfall.

 

Follow Up Question

 

1. Which of the following statements in respect of landslides are correct? (NDA 2022)

1. These occur only on gentle slopes during rain.

2. They generally occur in clay-rich soil.

3. Earthquakes trigger landslides.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A. 1 and 2         

B. 2 and 3           

C. 1 and 3             

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer (B)   "These occur only on gentle slopes during rain." This statement is incorrect. Landslides can occur on both steep and gentle slopes, and they can be triggered by a variety of factors, including heavy rainfall, seismic activity, and human activities. "They generally occur in clay-rich soil." This statement is correct. Clay-rich soils are more susceptible to landslides because they tend to retain water, which can lead to soil saturation and instability. "Earthquakes trigger landslides." This statement is correct. Earthquakes can destabilize slopes, causing landslides as a secondary effect of seismic activity.

 

Israel kills another Hezbollah leader in Lebanon, strikes Houthis in Yemen

For Preliminary Examination:  Current events of national and international importance

For Mains Examination: GS II - International relations

 

Context:

The Israeli military said on Sunday it has killed another high-ranking Hezbollah official in an airstrike as the Lebanese militant group was reeling from a string of devastating blows and the killing of its overall leader, Hassan Nasrallah. It also launched strikes at Houthi targets in Yemen after the militants fired missiles at Israel over the past two days, marking a fresh exchange in another front of the regional conflict

 

Read about:

Who are Houthis?

What is the Israel-Hezbollah conflict?

 

Key takeaways:

• The military announced the death of Nabil Kaouk, the deputy head of Hezbollah's Central Council, on Saturday. Hezbollah confirmed this news, marking him as the seventh senior Hezbollah official killed in Israeli airstrikes within a week. The Israeli military conducted another targeted attack on Beirut later that same day.
• Earlier, Hezbollah acknowledged that Ali Karaki, another senior commander, was killed in a strike that also resulted in the death of Nasrallah. Israel reports that at least 20 additional Hezbollah militants died in this particular strike.
• This month, Hezbollah was also the target of a sophisticated operation that compromised its communication devices, which was widely attributed to Israeli actions. A series of Israeli airstrikes across various regions of Lebanon have resulted in over 1,030 fatalities, including 156 women and 87 children, in less than two weeks, according to Lebanon’s Health Ministry. Hundreds of thousands have been displaced from their homes due to the recent attacks.
• In a statement, the Israeli military indicated that numerous aircraft, including fighter jets, targeted power facilities and a seaport at Ras Issa and Hodeidah ports. Local residents reported that these strikes caused widespread power outages in Hodeidah. The Houthi militants have repeatedly launched missiles and drones at Israel, claiming their actions are in solidarity with the Palestinians. — The death of Nasrallah is expected to significantly alter the geopolitical landscape in the region. Iran, which has supported and armed Hezbollah as part of its “Axis of Resistance,” has vowed to retaliate for what it calls the loss of a “martyr.”
• Nations such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE are closely monitoring the forthcoming actions of Iran and Israel, weighing the potential benefits of a more stable region, including expanded economic opportunities beyond oil, against the increasing costs associated with escalating tensions. — Yemen is strategically situated at the crossroads of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, controlling the vital Bab al-Mandab strait.
• The Houthis are a large clan associated with the Zaidi Shia sect, primarily based in Yemen’s northwestern Saada province, comprising around 35% of the Yemeni population.
• The Zaidis governed Yemen for over a millennium until their overthrow in 1962, which sparked a civil war lasting until 1970. The Houthi clan began revitalizing the Zaidi tradition in the 1980s, opposing the growing influence of state-funded Salafists.
• Hezbollah, or "Party of God," is a Shiite militant group formed by Iran's Revolutionary Guards in 1982 in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon that same year

 

Follow Up Question

 

 1.Recently Hodeidah was in the news, it is located in which country?

(a) Israel

(b) Yemen

(c) Lebanon

(d) Jordan

 

Answer (b)   Hodeidah is located in Yemen. It is a strategic port city on the Red Sea and has been a focal point in the ongoing conflict in Yemen, particularly due to its importance for humanitarian aid and military operations. Recent news has highlighted its significance amid various military actions in the region

 

Subject and Subject Wise Notes for the Sunday Exam (Free)

 

Subject	Topic	Description
History	Modern Indian History	Company rule and Crown rule 1773 - 1947
History	Modern Indian History	Fall of Mughals
History	Modern Indian History	Establishment of British rule in India
History	Modern Indian History	Economic Policies of the British

 

 

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