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Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Ramsar Convention (1971) for the UPSC Exam? Why are topics like Classical Languages in India and Piezoelectric Material , Crypto Currency important for both preliminary and main exams? Discover more insights in the UPSC Exam Notes for January 28, 2025 |
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Critical Topics and Their Significance for the UPSC CSE Examination on January 28, 2025
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JPC rejects all amendments to Waqf Bill made by Opposition
For Preliminary Examination: Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC), Leader of Opposition (LoP)
For Mains Examination: GS II - Indian Polity & Governance
Context:
Parliamentary panel accepts 32 amendments moved by BJP and its allies; Opposition MPs issue joint statement claiming no discussion clause by clause was permitted by the Chairperson; the committee will meet tomorrow to finalise the report
Read about:
Significance of JPC
Parliamentary Proceedings on Bills
Key takeaways:
- A Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) is a specialized committee established by the Indian Parliament to investigate and examine specific issues or subjects of national importance.
- It serves as an instrument for detailed deliberations on complex matters that require thorough scrutiny, often beyond the scope of regular parliamentary proceedings. The formation of a JPC reflects the seriousness of the issue at hand and the need for bipartisan cooperation to address it effectively.
- A JPC is constituted when either House of Parliament passes a resolution or the government announces its formation. Its members are drawn from both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, with representation proportionate to the strength of political parties in these houses. This ensures that the committee reflects a broad spectrum of political viewpoints.
- The primary role of a JPC is investigative. It examines issues such as alleged financial irregularities, major policy failures, or lapses in governance. Members are empowered to summon witnesses, request documents, and gather evidence, making their inquiries comprehensive and authoritative. For instance, JPCs in the past have been tasked with investigating scams such as the Bofors arms deal, the securities scam of 1992, and the 2G spectrum allocation case.
- Once the investigation is complete, the JPC submits its findings in a detailed report to Parliament. The report typically includes recommendations for policy changes, accountability measures, and steps to prevent similar occurrences in the future. While these recommendations are not binding, they hold significant moral and political weight, often prompting the government to take corrective action.
- The effectiveness of a JPC depends on several factors, including the commitment of its members, the depth of its investigation, and the willingness of the government to act on its recommendations. However, critics sometimes argue that JPCs can become platforms for political point-scoring, potentially diluting their focus on the issue under scrutiny.
- In summary, the JPC is an essential mechanism within the Indian parliamentary system, designed to ensure accountability, transparency, and thorough investigation of issues that affect the public and the nation. Its purpose is to strengthen democratic processes by fostering informed debate and holding those in power accountable
Additional Information
- The Opposition proposed amendments to all 44 clauses of the Bill, specifically advocating for the deletion of 28 clauses to revert the law to its original form under the 1995 principal Act. Among their objections was the establishment of separate Waqf Boards for the Aghakhani and Bohra sects.
- They also sought to remove Clause 9, which allows the inclusion of two non-Muslim members in the Central Waqf Council. Additionally, all 11 Opposition MPs proposed eliminating Clause 40, which seeks to remove the provision permitting non-Muslims to donate property to Waqf under the original Act.
- One of the primary points of contention was the inclusion of non-Muslims on the Waqf Board. The panel accepted an amendment addressing this concern, stating that “two of the total members of the Board appointed under this sub-section, excluding ex-officio members, shall be non-Muslim.”
- The phrase “excluding ex-officio members” was absent in the original Bill. According to sources, this amendment could enable the Board to include up to four non-Muslim members instead of two.
- In a joint statement, 11 Opposition panel members expressed dissatisfaction, claiming they were “prevented from presenting their views on the amendment” and that no clause-by-clause discussion was allowed by the chairman.
- They further alleged that 95% of stakeholders who appeared before the panel opposed the Bill.
- The Opposition criticized the process as a “grave departure” from established norms, pointing out that minutes of the meetings held in Delhi and elsewhere were not shared with members.
- They concluded by stating that their efforts to uphold constitutional protections for minorities were being undermined
1.Which of the following statements regarding the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) in India is/are correct?
- A JPC is constituted by a resolution passed by one House of Parliament or by both Houses.
- The recommendations made by a JPC are binding on the government.
- The membership of a JPC includes members from both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha in proportion to their party strength in Parliament.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
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Answer (b)
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- An electric spark is a sudden discharge of electricity through the air or another medium when the electrical potential difference between two points becomes sufficiently high. It occurs when the insulating properties of the medium (such as air) break down under intense electrical stress, allowing electrons to flow rapidly between the points with differing charges.
- This discharge generates heat and light, which are visible as the spark. The process also involves the ionization of the medium, where molecules are broken apart into charged particles, creating a conductive path for the flow of electricity.
- Electric sparks can be small, such as those from a lighter, or large and powerful, like lightning during a thunderstorm. They are commonly observed in ignition systems, switches, and certain scientific applications
- A piezoelectric material is a type of material that can generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress or pressure. This property, known as the piezoelectric effect, arises due to the displacement of positive and negative charge centers within the material's crystal structure when force is applied.
- These materials also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect, where they undergo mechanical deformation (such as stretching or compressing) when exposed to an external electric field. This dual capability makes piezoelectric materials highly versatile.
- Common examples of piezoelectric materials include quartz, Rochelle salt, certain ceramics (like lead zirconate titanate), and biological materials such as bone. They are widely used in various applications, such as sound detection (microphones), ultrasound devices, vibration sensors, frequency generators, and even everyday items like cigarette lighters.
1.Which of the following statements about piezoelectric materials is/are correct?
- Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress.
- The piezoelectric effect is reversible, meaning these materials can generate mechanical stress when exposed to an electric field.
- Quartz is a commonly used piezoelectric material in devices like microphones and ultrasound machines.
- The piezoelectric effect is only observed in synthetic materials and not in natural substances.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1, 2, and 3 only
b) 1, 3, and 4 only
c) 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
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Answer (d)
Therefore, statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct, while statement 4 is incorrect |
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-producing countries that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member states to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers, ensure a steady supply of oil to consuming nations, and provide a fair return on capital to those investing in the petroleum industry.
OPEC was founded in 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq, by five countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Over time, the organization expanded to include several other countries, including Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Gabon, Libya, Nigeria, the United Arab Emirates, and others.
The main objectives of OPEC are:
- To regulate the production and pricing of oil among member countries.
- To prevent the excessive fluctuation of oil prices, promoting stability in global markets.
- To ensure that oil-producing countries receive fair profits from their resources.
- To coordinate the production policies of its member countries to avoid oversupply or supply shortages.
OPEC countries collectively control a significant portion of the world's oil reserves and production, making them a powerful influence on global energy markets. However, the organization has faced challenges over the years, including internal disagreements among members and external factors such as technological advances in alternative energy and the rise of non-OPEC oil producers. Despite these challenges, OPEC remains an important player in the global oil industry
What is the difference between OPEC and OPEC+?
OPEC and OPEC+ are both coalitions of oil-producing countries, but there is a key difference in their composition and objectives.
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries):
- OPEC is a group of 13 member countries, primarily consisting of major oil producers, that work together to coordinate and regulate petroleum policies.
- It was established in 1960 to ensure stable oil prices, promote a steady supply of oil, and guarantee fair returns on oil investments for its member countries.
- The member countries of OPEC include Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and others.
OPEC+:
- OPEC+ is a broader coalition that includes OPEC members as well as non-OPEC oil-producing countries.
- OPEC+ was formed in 2016 when OPEC reached an agreement with other large oil producers, such as Russia, to coordinate their oil production and manage oil prices more effectively.
- The key objective of OPEC+ is to create a larger, more influential group to stabilize the global oil market by adjusting production levels, balancing supply and demand, and controlling prices.
- As of recent years, OPEC+ includes countries like Russia, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and others.
1.In the context of global oil prices, “Brent crude oil” is frequently referred to in the news. What does this term imply? (UPSC CSE 2011)
1. It is a major classification of crude oil.
2. It is sourced from North Sea.
3. It does not contain sulphur.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 2 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Answer (b)
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Importance of Wetlands:
-
Biodiversity Hotspots: Wetlands are home to a variety of species of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic or migratory. They support diverse ecosystems, providing habitats for birds, fish, amphibians, and invertebrates. Wetlands are critical for migratory birds, serving as resting and feeding grounds.
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Water Regulation and Purification: Wetlands act as natural water filters. They trap pollutants, sediments, and nutrients, improving water quality by removing harmful substances from rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Wetlands also help in regulating water levels, especially during floods, by acting as buffers that absorb excess water.
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Carbon Sequestration: Wetlands play a significant role in mitigating climate change. They store large amounts of carbon in their waterlogged soils, preventing the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Wetlands are considered one of the most efficient ecosystems for carbon storage.
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Flood Control: Wetlands help in reducing the impact of floods by absorbing and storing excess rainwater. This is particularly beneficial in flood-prone areas, as wetlands can slow down the flow of water and reduce the severity of flooding.
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Livelihood and Economic Benefits: Many communities depend on wetlands for their livelihoods. Wetlands support agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and provide resources such as medicinal plants, timber, and firewood. They are also important for local economies by attracting ecotourism.
- The Ramsar Convention has over 170 contracting parties (countries) that have committed to protecting their wetland areas.
- Each country is responsible for the designation and management of its wetlands of international importance (also known as Ramsar Sites) and for implementing conservation efforts at the national level
- A Ramsar Site is a wetland that has been recognized as being of international importance, particularly as waterfowl habitat. These sites are designated by the countries that own them.
- As of now, there are over 2,400 Ramsar Sites globally, covering more than 250 million hectares of wetlands. These sites include a wide variety of wetland types such as marshes, swamps, rivers, lakes, mangroves, peatlands, and coastal areas
- The Ramsar Convention emphasizes the sustainable use of wetlands and encourages countries to develop policies that balance conservation with the needs of local communities. This involves careful management of wetland resources, including water, fisheries, and agriculture, to avoid degradation
- The convention promotes the principle of "wise use" of wetlands, which means ensuring that wetland resources are used in ways that maintain their ecological character and ecosystem services over time. This includes avoiding activities that would lead to long-term damage or loss of wetland functions
- Contracting parties are required to prepare and implement national policies and action plans to conserve wetlands. They also work toward integrating wetland conservation into broader national development strategies and environmental policies
- The convention encourages member countries to regularly monitor the health and condition of their Ramsar Sites. Regular reporting on the status of these sites helps to track progress on conservation efforts and identify areas that need attention
- The Ramsar Convention facilitates international cooperation and provides a platform for the exchange of knowledge, best practices, and technical expertise related to wetland conservation and sustainable management. It supports capacity-building and training programs for countries to improve their wetland management strategies
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Answer (B)
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List of Classical Languages in India:
-
Tamil
- Declared: 2004
- Antiquity: The oldest Dravidian language, with Sangam literature dating back over 2000 years.
- Key Literature: Sangam poetry, Thirukkural, and ancient Tamil epics like Silappatikaram and Manimekalai.
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Sanskrit
- Declared: 2005
- Antiquity: Over 3500 years old, with Vedic texts like the Rigveda dating back to 1500 BCE.
- Key Literature: Vedas, Upanishads, Mahabharata, Ramayana, and classical works by Kalidasa.
-
Kannada
- Declared: 2008
- Antiquity: Has a recorded history of more than 1500 years, with inscriptions and literature from the 5th century CE.
- Key Literature: Kavirajamarga, Pampa Bharata, and the works of poets like Pampa and Ranna.
-
Telugu
- Declared: 2008
- Antiquity: Literary works date back to the 11th century CE, and inscriptions exist from 575 CE.
- Key Literature: Nannaya's Mahabharatamu, and later works by poets like Tikkana and Pothana.
-
Malayalam
- Declared: 2013
- Antiquity: Evolved as a distinct language around the 9th century CE, with its literature developing in the 12th century.
- Key Literature: Ramacharitam, Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan’s Adhyathmaramayanam.
-
Odia
- Declared: 2014
- Antiquity: Has a distinct literary tradition dating back to the 10th century CE, with inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE.
- Key Literature: Sarala Mahabharata, and works by poets like Upendra Bhanja and Jagannatha Das.
India is home to a rich cultural heritage, and its classical dance forms are a reflection of the country's diverse traditions and history. The Classical Dances of India are recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, and they follow strict guidelines based on the principles of the ancient text Natyashastra, which lays the foundation for classical Indian performing arts. These dance forms often incorporate music, rhythm, and storytelling through stylized movements and expressions.
Here is a list of the major Classical Dances of India:
1. Bharatanatyam
- Origin: Tamil Nadu
- Characteristics: Known for its fixed upper torso, bent legs, and intricate footwork, Bharatanatyam includes hand gestures (mudras) and facial expressions (abhinaya) to convey emotions and stories. It is often performed to Carnatic music.
- Themes: Devotional themes, primarily dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses.
- Famous Exponent: Rukmini Devi Arundale.
2. Kathak
- Origin: North India (Uttar Pradesh)
- Characteristics: Kathak is characterized by swift spins, intricate footwork, and fluid movements. The dancers tell stories through expressive gestures and facial expressions. It has two distinct styles: Hindu temple dance and Mughal court dance.
- Themes: Mythological stories, Persian-influenced narratives, and Mughal court tales.
- Famous Exponent: Birju Maharaj.
3. Kathakali
- Origin: Kerala
- Characteristics: Kathakali is a highly stylized dance-drama known for elaborate costumes, vivid makeup, and expressive gestures. The dancers, mostly male, wear striking masks and costumes and portray characters from Indian epics.
- Themes: Stories from the Mahabharata and Ramayana, often involving good versus evil.
- Famous Exponent: Kalamandalam Gopi.
4. Kuchipudi
- Origin: Andhra Pradesh
- Characteristics: Kuchipudi combines dance, music, and acting. It often involves quick, rhythmic footwork, graceful body movements, and dramatic storytelling. Dancers sometimes speak dialogues and are trained in both singing and dancing.
- Themes: Devotional and mythological themes, often involving stories of Lord Krishna.
- Famous Exponent: Yamini Krishnamurthy.
5. Manipuri
- Origin: Manipur
- Characteristics: Manipuri is known for its soft, graceful, and delicate movements. It is distinct for its rounded movements and light footwork. The dancers wear intricate costumes, and the dance has a spiritual essence, often associated with Vaishnavism.
- Themes: Stories of Radha and Krishna, Vaishnava devotional themes.
- Famous Exponent: Guru Bipin Singh.
6. Mohiniyattam
- Origin: Kerala
- Characteristics: Mohiniyattam is a graceful dance form performed by women. It is characterized by soft, swaying body movements and delicate footwork. The costume is typically white with gold borders, and the dance is accompanied by classical Carnatic music.
- Themes: Based on Hindu mythology, particularly stories involving Vishnu in the form of Mohini, the enchantress.
- Famous Exponent: Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma.
7. Odissi
- Origin: Odisha
- Characteristics: Odissi is known for its fluid, graceful, and intricate movements. It incorporates tribhangi (three bends of the body: neck, torso, and knees) and square-shaped stances. The dance form has distinct facial expressions and detailed hand gestures.
- Themes: Devotional themes, particularly stories of Lord Jagannath, Krishna, and other Hindu gods.
- Famous Exponent: Kelucharan Mohapatra.
8. Sattriya
- Origin: Assam
- Characteristics: Sattriya is a dance form that originated in the Vaishnavite monasteries of Assam. It is a combination of dance, drama, and spiritual expression. The movements are rhythmic, and the dance is performed in a group or solo.
- Themes: Stories from Bhagavata Purana, episodes from Krishna’s life.
- Famous Exponent: Guru Bhabananda Barbayan.
1.Which of the following languages are recognized as Classical Languages by the Government of India?
- Tamil
- Telugu
- Marathi
- Kannada
- Malayalam
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A) 1, 2, 3, and 4
B) 1, 2, 4, and 5
C) 2, 3, 4, and 5
D) 1, 3, 4, and 5
|
Answer (B)
Classical Languages by the Government of India:
Based on this information, the languages from the given list that are recognized as Classical Languages are:
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| Subject | Topic | Description |
| Polity | Fundamental Duties | Fundamental Duties |
| Environment & Ecology | Biodiversity in India | Biodiversity |
| History | Modern Indian History | Constitutional Development in India |
| History | Modern Indian History | Peasants, Tribal and other movements |
|
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