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Caste Cenus and Spyware and its significance for the UPSC Exam? Why are topics like Private Member’s Bills (PMBs), Buddhist Conclave important for both preliminary and main exams? Discover more insights in the UPSC Exam Notes for May 03, 2025 |
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Critical Topics and Their Significance for the UPSC CSE Examination on May 03, 2025
Daily Insights and Initiatives for UPSC Exam Notes: Comprehensive explanations and high-quality material provided regularly for students
For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international Significance
For Mains Examination: GS II - Indian Polity & Governance
Context:
The next decennial Census of India is set to break new ground by including a detailed enumeration of caste—something that hasn’t been attempted since the British-era census of 1931. With the Centre indicating its willingness to capture OBC data, this marks a significant policy shift with far-reaching social and political implications.
Read about:
Legal requirements for caste enumeration
OBC enumeration
Key takeaways:
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Since the 1951 Census, data has consistently recorded the population numbers of Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and various religious communities. However, castes outside the SC and ST categories have not been officially enumerated.
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The last comprehensive caste data was gathered during the 1931 Census. Although the 1941 Census did include caste details, the results were never published, likely due to the disruptions caused by World War II. Following India’s independence, the government consciously chose to exclude caste data from the Census. Over time, political parties—especially those representing Other Backward Classes (OBCs), such as farming and artisanal communities—have repeatedly called for a caste-based census.
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The Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) aims to assess the socio-economic conditions of households in both rural and urban regions, using set parameters to rank them. Conducted in 2011, the SECC had three components, managed by different government bodies under the coordination of the Ministry of Rural Development. The Department of Rural Development (DoRD) handled rural areas, while urban data collection was overseen by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA). The caste-related component fell under the Ministry of Home Affairs, specifically the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
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The Census Act of 1948 guarantees confidentiality for all Census data. However, the SECC differs, as it allows government access to individual-level data to help determine eligibility for welfare benefits.
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The recent decision to incorporate caste enumeration in the upcoming census, a major demand of the Congress-led Opposition, was made by the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA), chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
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After the meeting, Union Minister for Information & Broadcasting, Ashwini Vaishnaw, remarked that the inclusion of caste data would enhance the socio-economic fabric of the country as it continues to move forward.
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States not governed by the BJP, such as Telangana and Karnataka, had already undertaken their own caste surveys after the central government declined their requests for a nationwide caste census. Bihar also conducted a similar survey in 2023 when the JD(U), RJD, and Congress were in coalition. Until recently, the central government remained largely non-committal on this matter.
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The nationwide census, originally scheduled for 2021, has yet to be conducted due to delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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In a post on X (formerly Twitter), Union Home Minister Amit Shah stated in Hindi that the Modi government has made a “historic decision” by approving the inclusion of caste data in the next census. He emphasized that this move reaffirms the government's commitment to social justice and equitable rights for all sections of society.
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Criticizing the Opposition, Shah noted that the Congress and its allies had long resisted a caste census while in power. He asserted that this step would promote empowerment, inclusion, and upliftment of the economically and socially marginalized communities
1. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the density of the population of India has increased more than three times.
2. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the annual growth rate (exponential) of the population of India has doubled.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer (d)
Statement 1: "Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the density of the population of India has increased more than three times."
Statement 1 is incorrect Statement 2: "Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the annual growth rate (exponential) of the population of India has doubled."
Statement 2 is also incorrect |
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Pegasus, also referred to as the Q Suite, is a surveillance software developed by former members of Israeli intelligence and is marketed by NSO Group, also known as Q Cyber Technologies, as a cutting-edge cyber intelligence tool. It enables law enforcement and intelligence agencies to covertly and remotely extract information from nearly all mobile devices.
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Prior to 2018, NSO Group’s customers mainly used deceptive messages sent via SMS or WhatsApp to trick users into clicking malicious links. This method, called Enhanced Social Engineering Message (ESEM) in Pegasus’ marketing materials, directed users to a server that would detect the phone’s operating system and install the appropriate exploit for remote access.
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In October 2019, Amnesty International released a report highlighting the use of network injections, a method allowing Pegasus to be installed on devices without any user interaction—a zero-click attack. One technique involves sending a covert push message that triggers spyware installation silently, with the user remaining completely unaware and unable to stop the process.
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Pegasus has shown the ability to infect almost any mobile device, including Apple’s iPhones, by exploiting the iMessage app and the Apple Push Notification Service (APNs). The spyware is capable of mimicking legitimate apps and transmitting itself through Apple’s servers via push notifications.
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Regarding the Justice R.V. Raveendran committee, which investigated claims of Pegasus being used for surveillance on journalists, activists, and politicians, Justice Surya Kant emphasized that any report implicating national security would remain confidential.
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He added that individuals concerned about being surveilled may be informed personally but insisted the findings cannot be made public for general debate, as this could compromise sensitive national interests. Justice Kant made these remarks while leading a bench with Justice N. Kotiswar Singh, hearing multiple petitions filed in response to the Pegasus revelations from 2021.
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Senior Advocate Dinesh Dwivedi, representing some petitioners, argued that even if surveillance wasn’t proven in a specific case, the key concern remains whether the government possesses and uses Pegasus.
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To this, Justice Kant responded that merely possessing such spyware isn't illegal; the core issue lies in how and against whom it is deployed. He stated, "It’s not a simple matter—you can’t jeopardize national security."
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Senior Advocate Kapil Sibal, also representing petitioners, referenced a US District Court ruling on NSO Group’s alleged hacking of WhatsApp accounts using Pegasus. Sibal claimed that the court identified India as one of the affected nations, citing WhatsApp’s own statements.
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He also mentioned the formation of the R.V. Raveendran Committee by the Supreme Court in October 2021 to investigate potential violations of citizens’ fundamental rights due to alleged widespread surveillance.
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In its August 25, 2022 order, the Supreme Court acknowledged that while the committee discovered malware in five phones, there was no conclusive proof that Pegasus was involved. The court further noted that the central government had not cooperated with the investigation
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Answer (4)
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Private Members’ Bills: A Diminishing Legislative Tool
- Private Members’ Bills (PMBs) serve as a legislative avenue for Members of Parliament (MPs) who do not hold ministerial positions to propose new laws. While most legislation in India is introduced by the government through its Ministers and Ministries, PMBs allow both ruling and opposition MPs to present legislation independently.
- Typically, Fridays during parliamentary sessions are allocated for the introduction and discussion of PMBs. This process remains one of the few channels through which MPs can act beyond strict party lines.
- Despite its democratic significance, the PMB mechanism has seen a steady decline in practical relevance. Parliamentary disruptions, early adjournments, and a growing emphasis on government priorities have reduced the scope of PMBs to largely symbolic gestures.
- Neglecting PMBs is not only a procedural shortcoming but also reflects a regression in democratic practice. Since Independence, only 14 PMBs have become law with presidential approval, with none clearing both Houses since 1970. During the 17th Lok Sabha (2019–2024), 729 PMBs were tabled in the Lok Sabha and 705 in the Rajya Sabha, but only two and 14, respectively, reached the discussion stage.
- In the 18th Lok Sabha, just 20 MPs have submitted PMBs thus far. During the inaugural and Budget sessions of 2024, 64 PMBs were introduced in the Lok Sabha, none of which were debated.
- Two Fridays in the Winter Session were lost to disruptions, while another was allocated for a general discussion on the Constitution. The first Friday of the Budget Session, typically set aside for private member business, was used for Union Budget discussions.
- Only one Friday witnessed any activity related to PMBs, and that too was limited to a single resolution. In the Rajya Sabha, 82 PMBs were listed, 49 introduced, but only one was discussed briefly before the House adjourned sine die.
- PMBs have traditionally given MPs a platform to address specific social concerns, community needs, or progressive policy ideas—regardless of their party allegiance. For instance, Supriya Sule of the Nationalist Congress Party introduced the ‘Right to Disconnect’ Bill in October 2019.
- The Bill aimed to grant workers the legal right to disengage from professional communication outside work hours, highlighting the impact of digital connectivity on personal life.
- Though the Bill didn’t advance, it ignited meaningful public debate on mental well-being, work-life balance, and labour rights in the digital era—showcasing how PMBs can introduce novel and thought-provoking issues into the national conversation.
- Institutional changes have also contributed to the marginalisation of individual legislative efforts. The 52nd Constitutional Amendment, which brought in the Anti-Defection Law via the Tenth Schedule, was intended to curb political instability but also curtailed MPs' ability—especially from the ruling party—to challenge or diverge from official positions.
- In such a tightly controlled legislative environment, PMBs offer a rare opportunity for lawmakers across the spectrum to present alternative policy ideas.
- Although Indian voters often support candidates based on party symbols, personal reputation, effectiveness, and constituency work play a significant role in electoral choices. MPs are not elected merely to echo party views but to represent the local and national concerns of their constituents.
- To restore the credibility of PMBs, Parliament must treat the time allotted for them as inviolable. The procedural rules should be amended to safeguard this slot from being overridden except under exceptional circumstances such as national emergencies. This reserved time must be consistently upheld to allow meaningful debate and legislative progress.
- Furthermore, a dedicated committee could be established to review PMBs for quality, constitutionality, and relevance. This committee might also recommend a priority list for debate based on public interest and bipartisan backing. Additionally, a streamlined procedure for PMBs with wide support or significant impact could be introduced to ensure timely consideration
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Answer (3)
Under Article 110 of the Indian Constitution, a Bill is considered a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with:
The Contingency Fund of India is used for emergency or unforeseen expenditure, and money is withdrawn after approval. Appropriation refers to planned expenditure from the Consolidated Fund, not the Contingency Fund |
For Preliminary Examination: Buddhist Circuits, Tipatikas
For Mains Examination: GS I - Art & Culture
Context:
In a first, the government is organising a two-day conclave starting April 21 in Arunachal Pradesh to highlight the spread and impact of Buddhism in India’s Northeast. It is organised jointly by the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture.
Read about:
International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)
Impact of Buddhism in India’s Northeast
Key takeaways:
Essence and Significance of Buddhism in Northeast India
An event titled ‘Buddha Dhamma and the Culture of Northeast India’ seeks to underscore the vital role that the northeastern region of India plays in the preservation and propagation of Buddhist heritage, monastic traditions, and spiritual culture. According to Abhijit Halder, Director-General of the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)—a global body headquartered in New Delhi—the Northeast has been a cradle for various strands of Buddhism, notably TheravÄda, MahÄyÄna, and VajrayÄna.
This region is home to numerous indigenous communities who have deeply woven Buddhist philosophy into their cultural and spiritual practices. Halder emphasized that the narrative of TheravÄda Buddhism in Namsai district is a striking example of enduring faith, cultural strength, and a contemporary revival of ancient traditions. One of the key goals of the conclave is to bring such inspiring stories to the attention of the global community.
The Origins and Core Teachings of Buddhism
Buddhism originated in India around the 5th or 6th century BCE, during a transformative period often described by historians as India’s “second urbanisation.” This era saw significant socio-cultural shifts in the Gangetic plains. Arising alongside other non-Vedic belief systems like Jainism, Buddhism served as a response to the orthodox and ritual-heavy practices of Vedic Hinduism.
At the heart of the Buddha’s teachings are the Four Noble Truths, which outline the nature of suffering and the path to liberation:
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The Truth of Suffering (Dukkha): Life is fundamentally marked by suffering, whether in the form of pain, loss, or dissatisfaction.
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The Cause of Suffering (Dukkha-samudaya): Suffering originates from a chain of twelve interconnected causes, known as the twelve links of dependent origination (dvÄdaÅ›a nidÄnacakra or bhÄvacakra). These links include:
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AvidyÄ (ignorance)
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SamskÄra (karmic formations)
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VijñÄna (consciousness)
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NÄmarÅ«pa (name and form)
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SadÄyatana (six sense bases)
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Sparśa (contact)
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VedanÄ (sensation)
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TrsnÄ (craving)
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UpÄdÄna (clinging)
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Bhava (becoming)
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JÄti (birth)
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JarÄ-marana (old age and death)
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The Cessation of Suffering (Nirodha): Freedom from suffering is attainable. When ignorance—the root cause—is eliminated, the entire chain of suffering collapses.
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The Path Leading to the Cessation of Suffering (Magga): The Eightfold Path offers a systematic approach to ending suffering and achieving enlightenment
The Eightfold Path: A Roadmap to Liberation
Detailed in the MahÄparinibbÄṇa Sutta of the DÄ«gha NikÄya within the Sutta Piá¹aka, the Eightfold Path provides practical guidance to attain ultimate insight and extinguish suffering by removing ignorance. The components include:
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Right View (SammÄ diá¹á¹hi)
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Right Intention (SammÄ saá¹…kappa)
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Right Speech (SammÄ vÄcÄ)
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Right Action (SammÄ kammanta)
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Right Livelihood (SammÄ ÄjÄ«va)
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Right Effort (SammÄ vÄyÄma)
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Right Mindfulness (SammÄ sati)
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Right Concentration (SammÄ samÄdhi)
1.With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2020)
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism
2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of the Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism
3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered Mahayana Buddhism
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Answer (b)
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Scientists demonstrate clear quantum advantage using simple game
For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international Significance
For Mains Examination: GS III - Science & Technology
Context:
Previous attempts at showing quantum supremacy have used complicated problems. Google used random circuit sampling for its Sycamore processor, andChinese researchers used the Gaussian boson sampling problem for the Jiuzhang computer. Both require specialised equipment to perform, making it difficult to verify the results
Read about:
National Quantum Computing Mission
Quantum Computer
Key takeaways:
- For years, scientists have been seeking a task where quantum computers outperform classical computers, a benchmark known as quantum supremacy.
- Recently, researchers from the University of Oxford and Universidad de Sevilla achieved this milestone using a relatively simple game-based approach. Their findings, published in Physical Review Letters in February, are based on a problem involving odd-cycle graphs.
- The challenge is to colour a circle with an odd number of points using only two colours in such a way that no two adjacent points share the same colour—an outcome that is mathematically impossible.
- The researchers turned this puzzle into a test for quantum supremacy, moving away from earlier, more complex demonstrations. For instance, Google used a task known as random circuit sampling to demonstrate its Sycamore processor’s capabilities in 2019, while Chinese researchers employed Gaussian boson sampling on the Jiuzhang quantum computer. These methods, however, require intricate math and specialised tools, making external validation difficult.
The Colouring Challenge
- In the adapted experiment, the odd-cycle graph problem is used in a game format. Imagine a circle with three points—trying to colour them using only red and blue such that adjacent points don’t match will always lead to a contradiction.
- In this game, two players, Alice and Bob, who cannot communicate, respond to questions from a referee about the colours of points on the circle. To win, their responses must meet two criteria: they must give the same answer for the same point, and different answers for adjacent points.
- In a classical scenario, even with an agreed strategy beforehand, the best possible win rate for a 3-point circle is 83.3%.
Quantum Implementation
- In the quantum version, researchers used two strontium atoms placed two metres apart and entangled them using laser beams. Entangled particles behave in a way that classical physics cannot explain—measuring one instantly affects the other.
- A central computer (referee) sent queries to separate control systems representing Alice and Bob. Upon receiving a question, each system used quantum operations (rotations determined by the specific point on the circle) to manipulate their atom and derive a result—either 0 or 1, which was then translated into red or blue.
- The experiment was conducted over 101,000 rounds, covering odd cycles with 3 to 27 points, in just under a minute. The researchers also conducted rigorous tests to confirm the quantum nature of the correlations.
Proving Quantum Advantage
- The results were striking. For the 3-point scenario alone, the quantum strategy achieved a significantly higher win rate than 83.3%, demonstrating quantum supremacy up to 19-point circles. The overall win rate was 97.8%, with the 2.2% error attributed to noise during entanglement.
- Additionally, their test revealed the strongest correlation ever observed between two separate quantum systems, further validating the quantum nature of the experiment.
Significance of the Study
- This research presents a far simpler pathway to demonstrating quantum supremacy. While Google needed 53 superconducting qubits for its Sycamore processor, this experiment used only two entangled qubits, making it far less complex and resource-intensive.
- The method has practical implications. It could be useful in coordination problems where parties cannot communicate, such as the rendezvous task—determining a common meeting point without sharing information.
- Unlike classical systems that rely on exhaustive search methods, quantum entanglement enables faster, more efficient problem-solving. For example, identifying one correct option out of a million would take up to a million steps for a classical computer, whereas a quantum computer using Grover’s algorithm could do it in roughly 1,000 steps
1.Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned? (UPSC 2022)
A. Cloud Services
B. Quantum Computing
C. Visible Light Communication Technologies
D. Wireless Communication Technologies
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Answer (B)
A qubit (quantum bit) is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing, analogous to a bit in classical computing. Unlike a classical bit, which can be either 0 or 1, a qubit can exist in a superposition of both states, enabling quantum computers to perform complex computations much more efficiently in certain scenarios
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- Active mobility involves human-powered modes of transportation, as opposed to vehicles driven by motors. Common examples include walking, cycling, skateboarding, and other non-motorised options used primarily for daily commuting rather than leisure.
- In India, active mobility has started gaining prominence due to growing issues such as traffic congestion, urban air pollution, health challenges, and an alarming rise in pedestrian fatalities.
- This focus aligns with broader sustainable transport initiatives, both national—like the National Transit Oriented Development (NTOD) policy and the Smart Cities Mission (SCM)—and global efforts such as the Paris Agreement, which urges reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and encourages eco-friendly transport.
- In Bengaluru, Sathya Sankaran, the city’s first Bicycle Mayor, has played a key role in promoting infrastructure that supports non-motorised transport since 2018. His advocacy helped shape the Karnataka Active Mobility Bill, 2022. In 2020, the state reported the highest pedestrian fatality rate in India at 13%, prompting the bill’s creation.
- The legislation aims to legally safeguard the rights of pedestrians and cyclists, encouraging inclusive access to public spaces. Other cities are also stepping up: Delhi is expanding its cycle lanes under the Delhi EV policy, Pune has rolled out a Comprehensive Bicycle Plan with over 300 km of cycling paths, Chennai is revamping its roads for better walkability under the SCM, and Kochi has introduced a Public Bicycle Sharing (PBS) initiative to improve last-mile connectivity
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), active mobility yields a wide range of economic, social, environmental, and health-related advantages. Financially, it cuts down household spending on fuel and transport while reducing medical costs through improved physical well-being. Economically, it supports local businesses as pedestrian zones tend to attract more visitors.
- Environmentally, walking and cycling produce negligible carbon emissions, making them far more sustainable than motorised transport. These methods also contribute to energy conservation and can significantly help lower the 12% of India's carbon emissions that come from road transport.
- Urban areas with robust walking and cycling networks report cleaner air and less congested traffic.
- On the health front, active transport can reduce the risk of lifestyle diseases, enhance cardiovascular fitness, and boost mental health, making cities more livable and eco-conscious.
- Despite its many benefits, active mobility remains underutilised, largely due to urban infrastructure that fails to support it. Most Indian roads lack proper provisions for safe walking and cycling—in fact, by 2021, over 85% of roadways did not meet the minimum safety standards for non-motorised transport.
- Compounding this issue is the easy availability of inexpensive motorised alternatives, as well as climatic extremes and long commuting distances that dissuade people from using active modes.
- Social attitudes also present major obstacles. In many areas, motor vehicles like cars and motorcycles are viewed as status symbols, while non-motorised transport is often seen as inferior.
- With over 12,000 new cars sold daily in India (as per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers), the number of private vehicles is surging. This leads to intensified congestion and, combined with poor enforcement of traffic laws, makes walking and cycling even more unsafe.
Critically examine the factors contributing to the underdevelopment of active mobility infrastructure in India. Also, discuss the measures taken by the government to promote it and suggest a roadmap for its effective integration into urban planning. (250 words)
What is India’s approach to citizens on death row abroad?
For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international significance
For Mains Examination: GS II - Governance on capital punishment
Context:
On March 3, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) informed that the execution of Shahzadi Khan, an Indian national sentenced to death in the UAE for the alleged murder of an infant, was already carried out. The Ministry’s confirmation came as a response to a petition filed by her father Shabbir Khan. In less than a week, the Ministry confirmed that two more Indian nationals, convicted in separate cases, were also executed in the UAE.
Read about:
Death Sentence
Ethics around Capital punishment
Key takeaways:
- According to data presented by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in the Rajya Sabha on March 20, a total of 49 Indian nationals are currently facing the death penalty in foreign countries.
- The highest number of such cases is in the UAE, where 25 Indians are on death row, followed by 11 in Saudi Arabia. In response to the Rajya Sabha query, the MEA stated that Indian diplomatic missions abroad extend all possible support to Indian citizens convicted by foreign courts.
- Providing insights into how the MEA handles such cases, former Indian Ambassador to Oman, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia, Talmiz Ahmad, explained that the process unfolds in three stages. The first involves the individual's arrest and subsequent indictment by the authorities.
- The second stage is a lengthy judicial process that leads to the sentencing. The final stage is the possibility of a pardon granted by the country’s ruler or head of state. When an individual is categorized as being on death row, it signifies that both the arrest and judicial procedures have been completed, and the court has confirmed the sentence.
- At this stage, the only recourse available to the convicted person or their representatives is to seek clemency from the ruler. The plea for a pardon is usually initiated by the accused’s family, and if they reside in India, they receive guidance on submitting the petition. Once prepared, the Indian embassy forwards the petition to the respective foreign office, urging that it be presented to the ruler for consideration.
- In several Gulf nations, a death sentence may also be commuted if the victim’s family agrees to accept ‘blood money,’ which is compensation provided in place of capital punishment. However, this option depends on the approval of both the victim’s family and the state.
- In certain cases, governments may refuse to grant clemency based on the severity of the crime. Capital punishment is typically reserved for serious offenses such as murder, rape, and treason. In countries with authoritarian governance and opaque judicial proceedings, such as Saudi Arabia, Indian embassies are often not informed about an individual’s arrest, trial, or sentencing.
- They receive official confirmation of the case only after the execution has taken place. The embassy's involvement is further restricted when the accused confesses to the crime, as the circumstances surrounding such confessions often remain unclear.
- Conversely, in countries with relatively transparent judicial systems, Indian embassies have the option to appoint legal representatives for the accused and may also utilize welfare funds to cover legal expenses when necessary.
- The Indian government has successfully intervened in several cases to secure relief for its citizens. For instance, in February last year, eight former Indian Navy personnel, who had been sentenced to death by Qatar’s government, were released following diplomatic negotiations and legal appeals.
- Similarly, Gurdip Singh, an Indian national convicted of drug trafficking in Indonesia and sentenced to death in 2005, had his appeal rejected by both the High Court of Banten and the Supreme Court. However, due to India's diplomatic intervention, his execution was ultimately averted
Follow Up Question
1.Discuss the role of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and Indian diplomatic missions in assisting Indian citizens facing legal issues abroad, particularly those on death row. (250 words)
| Subject | Topic | Description |
| Polity | Municipalities | Municipalities |
| Polity | Emergency Provisions | Emergency Provisions |
| History | Medieval History | Harshavardhan |
| Environment | Protected Area | Protected Area |
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