INTEGRATED MAINS AND PRELIMS MENTORSHIP (IMPM) 2025 Daily KEY
| Exclusive for Subscribers Daily: Tariffs and Consumer Protection Act for the UPSC Exam? Why are topics like Power Purchasing Parity (PPP) , Earthquake and its causes and INS Arighaat important for both preliminary and main exams? Discover more insights in the UPSC Exam Notes for March 10, 2025 |
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Critical Topics and Their Significance for the UPSC CSE Examination on March 10, 2025
Daily Insights and Initiatives for UPSC Exam Notes: Comprehensive explanations and high-quality material provided regularly for students
For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains Examination: GS II, III effects of policies on tariffs
Context:
US President Donald Trump’s latest salvo that India has “agreed” to “cut their tariffs way down” did not elicit any immediate response from Delhi Saturday. Officials indicated it’s one bait that the Indian establishment is not going to bite, especially when the ground is being prepared for negotiations on a bilateral trade pact.
Read about:
What are tariffs and why are they imposed?
How are tariffs retaliated?
Key takeaways:
Tariffs refer to taxes or levies that a government applies to imported goods and services. Their primary purpose is to raise the cost of foreign products, making them less competitive against locally produced goods, thereby promoting domestic consumption. They also function as a safeguard for homegrown industries against international competition while serving as a revenue stream for the government.
From India’s perspective, a bilateral trade agreement is expected to enhance two-way trade in both goods and services, improve market accessibility, lower tariff and non-tariff restrictions, and strengthen supply chain networks. Negotiators are working towards finalizing the agreement by autumn this year.
The United States is among India’s largest trading partners, with bilateral trade in goods and services amounting to $190 billion in 2023. India’s trade surplus in goods with the US has increased significantly post-COVID-19, rising from $17.30 billion in 2019-20 to $35.33 billion in 2023-24. This period has also witnessed a shift in India’s export composition. Meanwhile, imports from the US have grown at a slower rate compared to India's exports over the past five years.
India has five key takeaways regarding the latest trade-related moves by former US President Donald Trump:
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During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s meeting with President Trump at the White House on February 13, both nations agreed to initiate negotiations for the first phase of a multi-sector Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), with the goal of concluding it within seven to eight months.
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India emphasized the importance and urgency of the negotiations to the Trump administration on February 13, indicating that it would send lead negotiators once the US had its Trade Representative in place.
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The Indian government considers this development a positive step, as both sides share a common understanding of the proposed trade agreement.
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Given the comprehensive nature of the deal, the negotiation process is expected to be complex and prolonged, involving multiple rounds of discussions at both technical and political levels.
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Until negotiations are completed, India aims to collaborate with US trade officials to prevent the imposition of reciprocal tariffs. Delhi expects a temporary delay in tariff imposition, similar to how Trump recently postponed tariffs on Canada and Mexico for a month
Follow Up Question
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Answer (C)
ASEAN has FTAs with:
Now, checking the given options:
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For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains Examination: GS II - Government Policies & Interventions, Transparency & Accountability
Context:
The District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, Jaipur II, has issued notices to Bollywood actors Shah Rukh Khan, Ajay Devgn and Tiger Shroff as well as Vimal Pan Masala manufacturers, J B Industries, over an alleged misleading advertisement for the pan masala.
Read about:
What is the Consumer Protection Act, 2019?
Central Consumer Protection Authority
Key takeaways:
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 replaced the earlier Consumer Protection Act, 1986 and introduces stricter provisions against unfair trade practices. It identifies offences such as providing inaccurate details about the quality or quantity of goods and services, as well as misleading advertisements. The Act also outlines measures to be taken when products or services are deemed hazardous, unsafe, or harmful.
Under Section 2(28) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, a "misleading advertisement" is defined in relation to any product or service if it:
(i) provides a false description of the product or service;
(ii) makes false promises or misleads consumers regarding the nature, substance, quantity, or quality of the product or service;
(iii) implies a representation that, if made by the manufacturer, seller, or service provider, would be considered an unfair trade practice; or
(iv) intentionally withholds crucial information
Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) is a regulatory body established under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 to promote, protect, and enforce consumer rights in India. It functions under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution and aims to address unfair trade practices, false or misleading advertisements, and consumer grievances.
Key Functions of CCPA:
- Protect Consumer Rights – Ensure consumer interests are safeguarded against unfair trade practices and deceptive advertisements.
- Regulate Advertisements – Take action against misleading ads and impose penalties on endorsers, manufacturers, and advertisers.
- Product Safety Measures – Order product recalls, issue warnings, and impose restrictions if goods/services are found hazardous.
- Investigate Consumer Grievances – Conduct inquiries and investigations into violations of consumer rights.
- Impose Penalties – Levy fines and take legal action against manufacturers or service providers engaging in unfair practices
Follow Up Question
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Answer (D)
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 introduced several new provisions to strengthen consumer rights and dispute resolution mechanisms.
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The impacts of rupee weakening
For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains Examination: GS III - Indian Economy
Context:
The sharp devaluation of the Indian rupee is driven by capital outflows, higher import costs, and a policy shift by the RBI; structural issues such as rising domestic prices and real exchange rate appreciation further complicate the recovery of net exports
Read about:
Power Purchasing Parity (PPP)
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)
Key takeaways:
The Indian rupee has recently experienced a significant devaluation against the US dollar, following a period of relative stability for over two years. What are the underlying reasons for this shift, and what implications does it hold? This discussion explores India’s exchange rate policy and highlights key structural challenges within the Indian economy in recent years.
Exchange Rate Frameworks
The nominal exchange rate represents the cost of acquiring one unit of foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency. Changes in the nominal exchange rate are influenced by the interplay between supply and demand in the foreign exchange market and the central bank’s exchange rate policy.
The real exchange rate reflects the relative cost of foreign goods in terms of domestic goods, taking into account price levels. It indicates the comparative affordability of domestic goods against foreign ones.
The demand and supply in the foreign exchange market are shaped by the flows in the current and capital accounts. A decline in the combined net flows of these accounts increases the demand for foreign currency, while an increase in net flows boosts its supply. Net current account flows are largely determined by net exports, whereas capital account flows depend on foreign investment inflows and outflows. Reduced net exports and greater capital outflows increase the demand for foreign currency and vice versa.
Central bank responses to market conditions define three primary exchange rate regimes: fixed, floating, and managed-floating.
- Fixed Exchange Rate: The central bank offsets higher foreign currency demand by selling foreign exchange reserves to maintain a fixed nominal exchange rate.
- Floating Exchange Rate: The central bank allows the currency to devalue to meet increased foreign currency demand, keeping reserves unaffected.
- Managed-Floating Exchange Rate: The central bank combines selling reserves and allowing devaluation to address higher demand.
India has predominantly followed a managed-floating exchange rate system over the last three decades. In the 2010s, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) adopted a nuanced approach under this regime.
During periods of excess demand, it devalued the rupee and reduced foreign exchange reserves. Conversely, during excess supply, the RBI resisted nominal exchange rate appreciation by accumulating reserves to safeguard export competitiveness. This asymmetric policy resulted in a gradual rupee devaluation throughout the decade.
Post-COVID, particularly between late 2022 and November 2024, the RBI temporarily adopted a policy resembling a fixed exchange rate regime, maintaining a stable nominal exchange rate despite current account deficits and capital outflows by selling foreign reserves. However, the recent sharp rupee devaluation suggests a return to the managed-floating regime, driven by capital outflows, increased imports, and rising crude oil prices. This strategy aims to reduce pressure on foreign reserves by permitting rupee depreciation.
Consequences of Devaluation
A nominal exchange rate depreciation can have dual macroeconomic effects—favorable and adverse. The positive impact stems from the real exchange rate mechanism, while the negative effect arises from domestic price dynamics.
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Boosting Net Exports: Depreciation makes domestic goods cheaper relative to foreign goods, potentially enhancing net exports and economic output. For this to occur, two conditions must be met: net exports should respond positively to changes in the real exchange rate, and nominal depreciation must lead to real exchange rate depreciation. A rise in domestic prices at a constant nominal rate negates the benefit by making domestic goods costlier, while nominal depreciation at stable domestic prices enhances competitiveness.
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Rising Domestic Prices: Depreciation can inflate domestic prices by increasing firms' variable costs, particularly for imported raw materials. In markets with limited competition, businesses often adjust prices by marking up their variable costs, which rise with higher import costs. Consequently, this cost escalation is passed on to consumers, driving up domestic prices
Recent Challenges
- Since the mid-2010s, particularly from 2019 onward, a significant divergence has emerged between India’s nominal and real exchange rates. These rates represent the weighted average exchange rate of India with its various trading partners.
- According to their definitions, an increase (or positive change) in these indices indicates an appreciation, while a decrease (or negative change) signifies depreciation.
- While these indices moved in tandem until the mid-2010s, they began diverging thereafter, with the real exchange rate appreciating even as the nominal exchange rate depreciated. This trend sets India apart from most other countries.
- In this context, the horizontal and vertical axes represent the changes in the Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) and Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER), respectively, between January 2019 and November 2024.
- The vertical zero line denotes no change in the NEER, while the horizontal zero line indicates no change in the REER
1.Which one of the following groups of items is included in India’s foreign-exchange reserves? (UPSC CSE 2013)
(a) Foreign-currency assets, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and loans from foreign countries
(b) Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and SDRs
(c) Foreign-currency assets, loans from the World Bank and SDRs
(d) Foreign-currency assets, gold holdings of the RBI and loans from the World Bank
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Answer (b)
India's foreign-exchange reserves consist of the following components:
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Why the location of China’s earthquake matters?
For Preliminary Examination: Earthquakes, P-Wave, S-Wave
For Mains Examination: GS I - World Geography
Context:
At 6:35 am IST on January 7, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.1 struck Tibetan China and Nepal. The epicentre was located 10 km below a spot around 80 km north of Mt Everest. As of 7 pm, Chinese state media had reported 95 people dead, 130 injured, and hundreds of houses flattened on its side of the border
Read about:
Earthquake and its causes
Earthquake belt near India, Nepal and China borders
Key takeaways:
Where did the earthquake happen?
- The China Earthquake Networks Centre reported that the earthquake’s epicenter was located beneath the surface in Tingry County, part of the Shigatse region of Tibet. This area, situated 4-5 km above sea level on average, is home to approximately 800,000 people, with around 7,000 residing in the county itself.
- The region’s capital holds significant spiritual importance as it is the seat of the Panchen Lama, an important figure in Tibetan Buddhism.
- Tingry County is also a ‘gateway’ to Mount Everest and its surrounding area, which is a well-known tourist destination. However, local authorities noted that fewer tourists visit the region during winter. Following the earthquake, China has closed the area to tourists, as reported by Xinhua.
Does the location of the earthquake matter?
- Preliminary assessments suggest that the earthquake's mainshock may have originated in the Lhasa terrane, a distinct segment of the Earth’s crust.
- This terrane includes locations relevant to China’s construction of the world’s largest hydroelectric dam. The Chinese government approved the project last month. Once completed, it will span the Yarlung Tsangpo River, generating around 300 billion kWh of electricity annually.
- This project has raised concerns in India, as the Yarlung Tsangpo River eventually flows into Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, where it becomes the Brahmaputra. Experts worry that the dam could disrupt the river’s consistent flow.
- Additionally, the broader Himalayan region, often referred to as the ‘third pole’ due to the vast amount of water stored in its rivers, glaciers, and lakes, has a significant impact on the millions who rely on this water. Earthquakes in the area can alter river courses, destabilize glaciers and lakes, and increase the likelihood of flooding.
- The cause of the earthquake is also linked to the region’s geographical and tectonic significance.
What caused the earthquake?
- The creation of the Himalayan mountains is a well-documented geological event. Around 50 million years ago, the Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate, resulting in the folding and uplifting of rocks to form the mountains.
- The tension between these two plates continues to build as the Indian plate pushes in at a rate of about 60 mm per year. Earthquakes occur when the rock formations in the region shift slightly to adjust to this ongoing tension.
- Since 1950, geologists have recorded over 21 earthquakes of magnitude 6 or higher in the Lhasa terrane alone. The most powerful of these occurred near Mainling in 2017, with a magnitude of 6.9. Mainling is located 960 km east of Tingry County.
- To predict future seismic events in the region and estimate their potential magnitude, geologists need to study the ancient plate collision in detail, assess the tension currently building in various areas, and determine how much has been released in past seismic events
Follow Up Question
1.Which of the following factors contribute to the occurrence of earthquakes?
- Subduction of tectonic plates
- Movement of magma beneath the Earth's crust
- The collision of tectonic plates
- Volcanic eruptions
Select the correct answer from the options below:
A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 1, 3, and 4
D) 1, 2, and 3
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Answer (D)
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INS Arighaat: India’s second nuclear sub
For Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains Examination: GS III - Science & technology
Context:
Induction of INS Arighaat, India’s second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine of the Arihant class, significantly boosts India’s nuclear deterrence capabilities, and strengthens its nuclear triad
Read about:
What is INS Arighaat?
India's Nuclear Submarines
Key takeaways:
INS Arighaat is India’s second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, reinforcing the nation's maritime strategic deterrence. As a critical element of India's nuclear triad, Arighaat is equipped with advanced technology and indigenously developed missiles, enhancing India's capability to launch nuclear strikes from the sea. The submarine's nuclear propulsion system allows it to remain submerged for extended periods, ensuring stealth and operational superiority. The commissioning of INS Arighaat marks a significant step in India's defense capabilities, showcasing the country's growing expertise in naval and nuclear technologies
INS Arihant
INS Arihant is India's first indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, serving as a cornerstone of the nation's nuclear triad. Commissioned in 2016, it provides India with the capability to launch nuclear strikes from the sea, significantly enhancing its strategic deterrence. Powered by a pressurized light-water nuclear reactor, INS Arihant can remain submerged for extended durations, ensuring greater stealth and survivability. The submarine is armed with nuclear-capable missiles, such as the K-15, and represents a major milestone in India's naval and defense capabilities, reinforcing its position as a key player in global maritime security
Indian Submarines
- India's submarine fleet is a vital component of its naval power, comprising both nuclear-powered and conventional submarines. The fleet includes advanced nuclear ballistic missile submarines like INS Arihant and INS Arighaat, which form a critical part of India's nuclear triad, ensuring the capability to launch nuclear strikes from the sea. Additionally, India operates 16 conventional submarines, including the Kilo-class (Sindhughosh), Shishumar-class, and Kalvari-class, which provide versatile operational capabilities for defense and deterrence.
- The Kilo-class submarines, acquired from the USSR starting in the mid-1980s, and the Shishumar-class submarines, developed in partnership with Germany, are key assets in India's underwater fleet.
- The Kalvari-class submarines, built domestically in collaboration with France's Naval Group, represent India's growing expertise in submarine construction.
- With ongoing advancements and the construction of new, larger SSBNs, India's submarine force continues to evolve, playing a crucial role in safeguarding the nation's maritime interests and ensuring regional stability
1.Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently? (UPSC 2016)
(a) Amphibious warfare ship
(b) Nuclear-powered submarine
(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
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Answer (c)
INS Astradharini is classified as a torpedo launch and recovery vessel. It is designed to support the Indian Navy in testing and recovering torpedoes, which are crucial for naval operations and training. This vessel plays a key role in the maintenance and development of torpedo systems, ensuring that the Indian Navy’s torpedoes are effectively tested and handled. Unlike amphibious warfare ships, nuclear-powered submarines, or nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, INS Astradharini is specialized for torpedo-related functions and does not serve broader roles in amphibious warfare, nuclear propulsion, or carrier operations
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- On December 13, 2024, the U.S. and China extended their science and technology cooperation agreement for five years, also introducing amendments. This renewal signifies the continued importance of scientific collaboration between these major powers.
- Initiated in 1979, the agreement has been renewed periodically and expanded in scope. It's overseen by a joint commission with designated co-chairs and executive agencies from both countries. Numerous sub-agreements cover diverse areas, from agriculture to nuclear fusion.
- Bilateral science and technology agreements foster cooperation beyond government institutions, facilitating joint research, researcher exchange, and institutional partnerships.
- While such agreements are common, their success hinges on both countries' commitment and capacity to actively pursue collaborative endeavors. The U.S.-China agreement stands out as a particularly impactful example.
- The renewed agreement reflects growing U.S. concerns about China's technological advancement and intellectual property rights.
- To address these concerns, the amended agreement limits collaboration to intergovernmental basic research within specific areas of mutual benefit, excluding cooperation in critical and emerging technologies.
- Despite these limitations, the U.S. recognizes the agreement's value. It allows for continued dialogue and cooperation, enabling the U.S. to influence China's scientific trajectory while maintaining a degree of leverage.
- Moreover, the agreement has significantly benefited the U.S., contributing to advancements in various scientific fields and fostering educational exchanges.
- This agreement underscores the crucial role of capacity-building and sustained R&D investment in maximizing the benefits of international scientific collaborations. It highlights how such agreements can catalyze transformative change, even as they navigate complex geopolitical realities.
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Answer (C)
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For Preliminary Examination: Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Target net-zero emissions by 2070, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
For Mains Examination: General Studies Paper III (Environment and Sustainable Development)
Context:
The Paris Agreement was supposed to save the world from the worst impacts of climate change. But nine years after it was finalised — on December 12, 2015 — it is perhaps more fragile than ever, appearing increasingly ineffective and helpless in containing the rapidly worsening climate situation.
Read about:
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Paris Agreement
Key takeaways:
- The Paris Agreement was envisioned as a global effort to mitigate the worst effects of climate change. However, nine years since its adoption on December 12, 2015, it appears increasingly fragile and ineffective in addressing the rapidly worsening climate crisis.
- During this period, annual global emissions have risen by 8%, from approximately 49 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent to 53 billion tonnes. Meanwhile, average global temperatures have increased from 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels to 1.45°C. Projections now indicate that 2024 is likely to be the first year to exceed the 1.5°C threshold.
- The Paris Agreement’s primary goal—to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, or 2°C at the most—seems increasingly unattainable.
- This has led to growing frustration among developing nations, particularly small island states, which are now exploring alternative approaches to combat climate change more effectively. The International Court of Justice is currently deliberating on a case to define nations’ obligations and potential repercussions concerning climate responsibilities.
- Before the Paris Agreement, the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 had established the principle of equity and differentiated responsibilities, requiring developed countries to take the lead in reducing emissions while allowing developing nations to contribute as per their capabilities.
- However, with the growing economic influence of China and the perceived economic constraints of climate obligations, developed countries sought to undermine the Kyoto Protocol.
- Although their initial attempt at the 2009 Copenhagen conference failed, they succeeded in dismantling it during the Paris negotiations in 2015.
- The Paris Agreement, while aiming to make all nations accountable, diluted the fight against climate change by adopting a system of "nationally determined contributions" (NDCs).
- This approach effectively removed specific emission reduction obligations for developed nations, reducing global climate action to the bare minimum needed to fulfill Paris commitments. As a result, current efforts are misaligned with the emission reductions necessary to limit global warming.
- Even the limited provisions of the Paris Agreement have been progressively weakened over time to serve the interests of developed countries. A prime example is the financial agreement reached in Baku.
- Under the UNFCCC, developed nations are obligated to provide financial and technological assistance to developing countries for climate action.
- Despite their 2020 pledge to raise $100 billion annually, assessments indicate that trillions are required to address the challenges effectively.
- Instead of scaling up ambition, developed countries agreed in Baku to raise the $100 billion target to just $300 billion annually by 2035.
- This meager increase severely undermines the ability of developing nations to pursue meaningful climate action, further stalling progress in the fight against global warming
Follow Up Question
1.Which of the following is a goal of the Paris Agreement?
(a) Limit global temperature rise to 3°C above pre-industrial levels.
(b) Ensure carbon neutrality for all nations by 2050.
(c) Limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, with efforts to keep it at 1.5°C.
(d) Mandate all countries to phase out fossil fuels by 2040.
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Answer (c)
The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21), has a central goal of strengthening the global response to climate change by keeping the global temperature rise this century well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and preferably limiting the increase to 1.5°C. Let's quickly review why the other options are incorrect:
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Over a century ago, the Vaikom Struggle marked a historic socio-political turning point in India. This movement, which successfully overturned the prohibition against backward caste Hindus entering the Vaikom Mahadeva temple in the princely state of Travancore, became the precursor to numerous mass movements advocating religious reform. The principles of the Dravidian Movement, championed by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, emerged from this struggle and played a vital role in promoting equality within Hindu society. However, this progress was firmly anchored by a critical provision in the Constitution, introduced by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Commemorating the Vaikom Struggle’s centenary honors both Periyar’s determination and Ambedkar’s constitutional foresight while reaffirming the reformist ethos that continues to shape South Indian politics.
Evolution of the Movement
- The Vaikom Struggle arose in response to the unjust restrictions barring backward caste Hindus from using the streets surrounding the Vaikom temple. Efforts by the Kerala State Congress Committee and other activists initially faced strong opposition from authorities.
- The movement gained momentum in 1924 with the involvement of Periyar, transforming it into a mass movement that united people across social classes.
- By November 1925, these restrictions were lifted, signaling a significant shift toward social justice. This victory inspired similar movements across India, with B.R. Ambedkar leading efforts for Dalit entry into temples like the Ambadevi Temple and Kalaram Mandir.
- The trajectory of reform in South India, however, moved swiftly. Legislative milestones included the 1932 bill for temple entry, the Travancore Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936, and the Malabar Temple Entry Bill of 1938.
- Notable events followed, such as the entry of backward castes into the Madurai Meenakshi and Thanjavur Brihadeeswara temples in 1939, culminating in the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act of 1947, which allowed Hindus of all castes to worship in temples within the Madras Presidency.
Constitutional Framework
State Regulation of Temples
- Historical evidence supports state intervention to ensure equality and access in public religious spaces. Legislative initiatives, such as the Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act of 1927 and the Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act of 1959, demonstrate consistent intent to align temple management with public morality.
- Landmark judgments, including the Shirur Mutt case (1954), affirmed that the state could oversee secular aspects of temple administration while respecting essential religious practices.
- Successive Tamil Nadu governments since 1970 have enacted reforms allowing backward caste Hindus to serve as priests, challenging traditional norms. The judiciary has upheld these measures while categorizing certain temples as adhering to unique "Agamic" traditions.
Continuing Challenges and Reforms
- In recent years, Kerala and Tamil Nadu have appointed non-Brahmin archakas and other temple functionaries, sparking resistance from conservative factions.
- These reforms confront deeply ingrained religious orthodoxy and social hierarchies, yet the drive for equality remains steadfast.
- A century after the Vaikom Struggle and more than 75 years since the Constitution's adoption, a growing moral consensus underscores the importance of such reforms.
- The governments of Tamil Nadu and Kerala will jointly commemorate the Vaikom Struggle centenary on December 12, 2024.
- This celebration not only honors a pivotal moment in social reform but also recognizes the collaboration between two great leaders—Periyar and Ambedkar—whose efforts laid the foundation for a more inclusive society
1.Which of the following statements about the Vaikom Satyagraha is/are correct?
- The Vaikom Satyagraha was a movement aimed at securing the rights of backward castes to use public roads around the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple.
- Periyar E.V. Ramasamy played a significant role in the movement, and he later came to be known as the "Vaikom Hero."
- The success of the Vaikom Satyagraha directly led to the Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936 in Travancore.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
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Answer (a)
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| Subject | Topic | Description |
| Polity | Panchayats | Panchayats |
| Environment & Ecology | Wildlife Protection Act 1972 | Wildlife Protection Act 1972 |
| Economy | International Organisations | International Organisations |
| Ancient History | Buddhism | Buddhism |
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