Under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA), Section 3 specifies the categories of persons who are prohibited from accepting foreign contributions.

The following cannot receive foreign contribution:

• Candidates for election.
• Correspondents, columnists, cartoonists, editors, owners, printers, or publishers of a registered newspaper.
• Judges.
• Government servants and employees of any corporation or any other body controlled or owned by the Government.
• Members of any Legislature (Members of Parliament, Members of State Legislatures, etc.).
• Political parties and office-bearers of political parties.
• Organizations of a political nature, as may be specified by the Central Government.
• Associations or companies engaged in the production or broadcast of audio news, audio-visual news, or current affairs programmes through any electronic mode or other mass communication media.
• Correspondents, columnists, cartoonists, editors, owners, or publishers associated with such electronic news or current affairs media.

2. About the Index of Industrial Production (IIP)

• The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a macroeconomic indicator that measures the changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial goods over some time.
• It is a composite index that reflects the performance of the industrial sector of an economy.
• The IIP is compiled and released by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) in India.
• The IIP is calculated using a Laspeyres index formula, which means that the weights assigned to different industries are based on their relative importance in a base year. The current base year for the IIP is 2011-12.
• The eight core sector industries represent about 40% of the weight of items that are included in the IIP.
• The eight core industries are Refinery Products, Electricity, Steel, Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Cement and Fertilizers.
• It covers 407 item groups included into 3 categories viz. Manufacturing, Mining and Electricity.
• The IIP is a useful tool for assessing the health of the industrial sector and the overall economy.
• It is used by policymakers, businesses, and investors to track trends in industrial production and make informed decisions.

3. Significance of IIP

The IIP is a significant economic indicator that provides insights into the following aspects

• The IIP reflects the growth or decline of the industrial sector, which is a major contributor to overall economic growth.
• The IIP measures the level of industrial activity, indicating the production volume of various industries.
• The IIP serves as a guide for policymakers to assess the effectiveness of economic policies and make informed decisions.
• Businesses use the IIP to assess market conditions, make production plans, and evaluate investment opportunities.
• The IIP influences investor sentiment as it reflects the overall health of the industrial sector.

4. Service Sector and IIP

• The IIP does not include the service sector. It focuses on the production of goods in the industrial sector, such as manufacturing, mining, and electricity.
• The service sector is measured by a separate index, the Index of Services Production (ISP).
• The IIP data is released monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) in India.
• The data is released with a lag of six weeks, allowing for the collection and compilation of information from various industries.

5. Users of IIP Data

The IIP data is used by a wide range of stakeholders, including:

• Government agencies and central banks use the IIP to assess economic conditions and formulate policies.
• Companies use the IIP to evaluate market trends, make production decisions, and assess investment opportunities.
• Investors use the IIP to gauge the health of the industrial sector and make investment decisions.
• Economic analysts and researchers use the IIP to study economic trends and develop forecasts.
• The IIP is widely reported in the media and is of interest to the general public as an indicator of economic performance.

• Factory output gained on the back of a 9.3 per cent increase in manufacturing, which accounts for 77.6 per cent of the weight of the IIP (Index of Industrial Production).
• Manufacturing output had grown by 5 per cent in July and had contracted by 0.5 per cent in August 2022.
• In absolute terms, it improved to 143.5 in August from 141.8 in July and 131.3 in the year-ago period.
• As per the IIP data, seven of the 23 sectors in manufacturing registered a contraction in August, with furniture, apparel, and computer and electronics among the significant non-performers.
• Among the performing sectors, fabricated metal products, electrical equipment and basic metals fared better.
• Garments and chemicals witnessed negative growth. This can be attributed to lower growth in exports as these two are export-dependent.
• The electronics industry also witnessed negative growth, which again can be linked to existing high stocks and lower export demand.
• In terms of the use-based industries, consumer durables output returned to positive territory for the second time this fiscal with 5.7 per cent growth in August, reflecting a pickup in consumption demand.
• However, it came on the back of a 4.4 per cent contraction in consumer durables output in the year-ago period.
• Primary, infrastructure/ construction, and capital goods recorded double-digit growth rates in August at 12.4 per cent, 14.9 per cent and 12.6 per cent, respectively.

 

Source: indianexpress

 

 

NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (NIA)

 

1. Context

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) on Monday filed charges against Hafiz Saeed, chief and founder of the Pakistan-based terrorist organisation Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and its proxy The Resistance Front (TRF), in the Pahalgam terror attack case.

2. About National Investigation Agency (NIA)

• The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is a federal counter-terrorism law enforcement agency in India.
• It was established in 2008 after the Mumbai terror attack the same year.
• The NIA is empowered to deal with the investigation of terror-related crimes across states without special permission from the states under written proclamation from the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• The primary mandate of the National Investigation Agency is to investigate and prosecute offences that have national and cross-border implications, specifically focusing on terrorism, insurgency, and other related matters.
• The NIA is headquartered in New Delhi and has 12 regional offices across the country.
• It is headed by a Director General of Police (DGP) rank officer.
• The NIA has a team of highly trained and experienced officers who are experts in counter-terrorism investigations.
• The NIA has been successful in investigating and prosecuting several high-profile terrorism cases, including the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the 2012 Pune bombing, the 2013 Hyderabad blasts, and the 2014 Pathankot attack.
• The NIA has also played a key role in disrupting terrorist networks and preventing terrorist attacks.
• It has arrested several senior terrorist operatives and seized a large quantity of arms and ammunition.

3. The Changes Made under the NIA (Amendment) Act 2019

The National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Act, 2019, brought significant changes and enhancements to the powers and jurisdiction of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in India. The amendments aimed to strengthen the agency's ability to combat terrorism and other transnational crimes effectively.

The key changes made under the NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019

• The amendment expanded the jurisdiction of the NIA. Previously, the agency could investigate cases related to terrorism and certain other offences listed in the NIA Act.
• The Act adds new offences to the list of scheduled offences that can be investigated by the NIA. These include

• Cyber terrorism under Section 66-F of the Information Technology Act, 2000
• Human trafficking under Section 370 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
• Counterfeiting of currency or bank notes under Sections 489C and 489E of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
• Manufacture or sale of prohibited arms or ammunition under Sections 25 and 26 of the Arms Act, 1959
• Offenses under the Explosive Substances Act, 1908

• This extension of jurisdiction gives the NIA greater reach and authority in handling cases with international ramifications.
•  The amendment allowed for the establishment of special courts for the trial of NIA cases.
• These courts are designated to expedite the trial process and ensure that cases are heard and disposed of more quickly, particularly in terrorism-related cases.
• The NIA (Amendment) Act introduced provisions for the protection of witnesses.
• It empowers the NIA to request the central government to issue orders for the protection of witnesses.
• Ensuring the safety of witnesses is crucial for the successful prosecution of cases, especially in terrorism-related trials.
• The amended law allows the NIA to seize and attach properties that are believed to be the proceeds of terrorism or used for terrorism-related activities.
• This provision is essential in disrupting the financial networks of terrorist organizations.
• The NIA can now request the central government to seek extradition of individuals involved in terrorism and other offences under the NIA Act.
• This provision facilitates the extradition of accused persons from foreign countries to face trial in India.
• The central government has the authority to designate session courts as NIA Special Courts.
• These courts are responsible for the trial of NIA cases and follow the procedures outlined in the NIA Act.
• The NIA Act includes a schedule listing offences that fall under its jurisdiction.
• The amendment allows for offences in this schedule to be amended by the central government through notification.
• This flexibility allows for the inclusion of new offences based on emerging threats and challenges.
• The NIA (Amendment) Act includes provisions to enhance transparency and accountability in the agency's functioning.
• It mandates the submission of an annual report on its activities to the central government, which is then laid before both houses of Parliament.

4. The Way Forward

The NIA is a vital component of India's counter-terrorism architecture. By taking the necessary steps to improve the NIA's functioning, the government can make the agency more effective in combating terrorism and protecting the country from terrorist threats.

 

For Prelims: National Investigation Agency, Terrorism, NIA Act,2008,  NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019, the Ministry of Home Affairs, Information Technology Act, 2000, Indian Penal Code, Arms Act 1959, Explosive Substances Act, 1908,  For Mains:  1. "The NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019, introduced provisions for the confiscation of property believed to be connected to terrorism." Analyze the significance of this provision in curbing the financial networks of terrorist organizations and its alignment with international counter-terrorism efforts. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions 1. The Stiglitz Commission established by the President of the United Nations General Assembly was in the international news. The commission was supposed to deal with: (UPSC CSE 2010) (a) The challenges posed by the impending global climate change and prepare a road map (b) The workings of the global financial systems and to explore ways and means to secure a more sustainable global order (c) Global terrorism and prepare a global action plan for the mitigation of terrorism (d) Expansion of the United Nations Security Council in the present global scenario Answer: B 2. Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (UPPSC 2020) List – I                              List – II A. Indian Arm Act             1. 1876 B. Royal Title Act              2. 1878 C. Indian High Court Act   3. 1869 D. Indian Divorce Act        4. 1861 A. (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 1, (D) 4 B. (A) 3, (B) 1, (C) 2, (D) 4 C. (A) 1, (B) 2, (C) 3, (D) 4 D. (A) 2, (B) 1, (C) 4, (D) 3 Answer: D 3. Which one of the following is NOT correctly matched? (UPPSC RO/ARO 2020)  A. Prevention of Sedition Meetings Act - 1908 B. Explosive Substances Act - 1908 C. Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act - 1908 D. Newspaper (Incentive to Offence) Act - 1908 Answer: A

 

Source: indianexpress

 

 

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

 

1. Context

The government has banned 16 fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs, including certain antibiotic combinations and a range of dermatological products containing aloe vera and other herbal ingredients, because their amplified benefits lack scientific justification.

2. What is Anti Microbial Resistance?

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicine making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread severe illness, and death.

3. Emergence and spread of AMR

• AMR occurs naturally over time, usually through genetic changes.
• Antimicrobial-resistant organisms are found in people, animals, food, plants, and the environment (in water, soil, and air).
• They can spread from person to person or between people and animals, including from food of animal origin.
• The main drivers of antimicrobial resistance include the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials, lack of access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for both humans and animals, and poor infection and disease prevention and control in healthcare facilities and farms. Poor access to quality, affordable medicines, vaccines, and diagnostics, lack of awareness and knowledge, and lack of enforcement of legislation.

4. Factors causing AMR in India

Inappropriate consumption of board-spectrum (last resort) antibiotics is high because of changing prescription practices in the healthcare system due to the non-availability of a narrow spectrum of antibiotics.

Inappropriate antibiotics use among the general public like self-medication to avoid the financial burden.

A large proportion of sewage is disposed of untreated into receiving water bodies, leading to gross contamination of rivers with antibiotic residues, and antibiotic-resistant organisms.

 

5. Reasons for the recent increase in the use of antibiotics in India

• The high disease burden
• The rising income
• The easy and cheap availability of these medicines to the public.
• The uncontrolled sales of antibiotics
• Poor Public health infrastructure
• Lack of awareness regarding the misuse of antibiotics.

6. Government Initiatives that help to curb Antimicrobial Resistance In India

The Union Health Minister of India in the International Conference on Anti-Microbial Resistance stated that the first step in addressing the problem of AMR is to avoid the need for antibiotics at all in the first place. Improved water, vaccination, and sanitation may control inappropriate antibiotic use indirectly. The main government policies that help in this process are:

• Through the Swacch Bharat Program, the government has taken active steps to improve hygiene and sanitation and reduce the environmental spread of pathogens.
• Vaccination is an equally important public health measure, and through Mission Indradhaniush, India has set itself an ambitious goal of increasing routine immunization coverage to 90% within just a few years.

6.1 Red Line Campaign

The Union health ministry's Anti-Microbial Resistance awareness campaign urges people not to use medicines marked with a red vertical line, including antibiotics, without a doctor's prescription.

These medicines are called the 'Medicines with the Red Line.

To check the irrational use of antibiotics, the 'red line' will help the users to differentiate them from the drugs.

This campaign is aimed at discouraging unnecessary prescription and the counter sale of antibiotics causing drug resistance for several critical diseases including TB, malaria, urinary tract infection, and even HIV. 

7. WHO's Global plan on Anti-Microbial Resistance?

• To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through effective communication, education, and training.
• To Strengthen the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research.
• To reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene, and infection prevention measures.
• To Optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health.
• To develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries and to increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines, and other interventions.

8. Global efforts

8.1 Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (GAP): Globally, countries committed to the framework set out in the Global Action Plan1 (GAP) 2015 on AMR during the 2015 World Health Assembly and committed to the development and implementation of multisectoral national action plans.

8.2 Tripartite Joint Secretariat on Antimicrobial Resistance: Tripartite joint secretariat (FAO, OIE, and WHO) has been established and is hosted by WHO to drive multi-stakeholder engagement in AMR.

8.3 World Antimicrobial Awareness Week (WAAW): WAAW was previously called World Antibiotic Awareness Week. From 2020, it will be called world Anti-Microbial Awareness Week. It is a global campaign that aims to raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance worldwide.

8.4 Global Antimicrobial Resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS): WHO launched it in 2015 to continue filling knowledge gaps and to inform strategies at all levels. GLASS has been conceived to progressively incorporate data from surveillance of AMR in humans, surveillance of the use of Antimicrobial medicines, and AMR in the food chain and the environment.

 

For Prelims & Mains

 

For Prelims: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), UN Environment Programme, the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organisation for Animal Health, Mission Indradhaniush, Red Line Campaign. For Mains: 1.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the most significant challenges the world faces today. Discuss.

 

 

Previous Year Questions 1.Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? ( UPSC CSE 2019) Genetic predisposition of some people Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases Using antibiotics in livestock farming Multiple chronic diseases in some people Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4 Answer: (b)

 Source: Down to Earth

 

 

 

MONSOON IN INDIA

 

 

 

1. Context

 

Rainfall in July – the most important of the monsoon months — will be “below normal” or less than 94% of what is usual for the month, Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, Director-General, India Meteorological Department (IMD), said on Tuesday. India’s current monsoon deficit is 40%.

 

2. What is a Monsoon?

 

A monsoon is a seasonal weather pattern characterized by changes in the direction of prevailing winds, which typically result in distinct wet and dry seasons. Monsoons are caused by the differential heating of land and sea, which creates pressure gradients that drive large-scale wind systems.

Key features of a monsoon include:

• Monsoons involve a significant shift in wind direction between seasons. During the wet season, winds blow from the ocean towards the land, bringing moist air and heavy rainfall. During the dry season, winds reverse direction, blowing from the land to the ocean, resulting in dry conditions
• The wet season is marked by heavy and sustained rainfall, often leading to flooding and lush vegetation growth. The dry season, in contrast, has little to no rainfall, leading to drought conditions in some regions
• Monsoons are most commonly associated with South Asia, particularly the Indian subcontinent. Other regions that experience monsoon patterns include Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, Australia, and the southwestern United States
• Monsoons play a crucial role in the climate and agriculture of affected regions. They provide essential water for crops and replenish groundwater supplies. However, they can also cause destructive flooding and landslides

3. Indian Monsoon

 

• The Indian monsoon is a significant and complex weather phenomenon that has a profound impact on the climate, agriculture, and economy of the Indian subcontinent one of the most well-known and studied monsoon systems is the Indian monsoon, which significantly affects the climate and economy of India and its neighbouring countries.
• Southwest Monsoon: Occurs from June to September. Winds blow from the southwest, bringing moisture-laden air from the Indian Ocean, resulting in heavy rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
• Northeast Monsoon: Occurs from October to December. Winds blow from the northeast, bringing drier air, although the southeastern coast of India and Sri Lanka receive some rainfall during this period.

4. Monsoon basics and dates

 

• The Southwest Monsoon from June to September delivers over 70% of India's annual rainfall. Typically, the monsoon reaches the Andaman Sea in the third week of May and moves onto the mainland through Kerala, with June 1 being the usual start date.
• Its progression is characterised by surges, advancing rapidly to central India before slowing down.
• By the end of June, it generally reaches north Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and surrounding areas, covering the entire country by July 15. An early or timely onset does not ensure consistent or adequate rainfall throughout the season, nor does a delayed onset necessarily lead to below-average rainfall.
• The total rainfall from June to September is influenced by various factors and exhibits natural year-to-year variability, making each monsoon season unique. The distribution of rainfall is as important as the total amount.
• The India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts 'above normal' rainfall for this season, estimated to be 106% of the Long Period Average of 880 mm (based on 1971-2020 data).
• This forecast of increased rainfall is largely due to the expected development of La Niña conditions, which typically enhance the Indian monsoon, and a positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

 

5.Branches of Indian Monsoon

The Indian Monsoon is broadly divided into two main branches, each with distinct characteristics and regions of influence: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.

Arabian Sea Branch

Characteristics:

• Source: Originates from the southwestern part of the Arabian Sea.
• Path: Moves towards the western coast of India.
• Onset: Typically hits the Kerala coast around June 1st, marking the official start of the Southwest Monsoon.

Key Features:

• Western Ghats: The moist air from the Arabian Sea rises when it encounters the Western Ghats, causing heavy rainfall on the windward side.
• Progression: Advances northwards along the western coast, bringing significant rainfall to regions such as Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
• Reach: Extends into central and northwestern India, contributing to the monsoon rains in these areas.

Bay of Bengal Branch

Characteristics:

• Source: Originates from the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal.
• Path: Moves towards the eastern coast of India and then travels northwestwards.

Key Features:

• Northeastern India: Initially brings heavy rainfall to northeastern states such as Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal as it hits the Eastern Himalayas.
• Progression: Moves across the Indo-Gangetic Plain, covering Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and eventually reaching northern India including Delhi.
• Distribution: Influences the monsoon patterns in central and northern India, often merging with the Arabian Sea branch to provide widespread rainfall.

 

6.Factors affecting Indian Monsoon

Coriolis Force

The Coriolis Force is an apparent force resulting from the Earth's rotation. It influences the rotational movement seen in tropical cyclones, causing monsoon winds to deflect eastward and blow from the southwest to the northeast. Since the Earth's rotation is constant, the Coriolis Force experienced by air at a specific latitude and velocity remains steady.

Mascarene High

The Mascarene High is a significant high-pressure zone that drives the southwest monsoon winds toward the Indian subcontinent. Forming by mid-April, the strength of this high-pressure area is crucial in determining the intensity of the Indian monsoon. A stronger high leads to stronger winds and a more robust monsoon. A delayed formation of the Mascarene High can result in a delayed onset of the monsoon in India.

Indian Summer

High-pressure winds move towards low-pressure areas. The Himalayas play a key role in summer heating by blocking cold northern air, allowing for warmer conditions. During summer, India becomes extremely hot, and surrounding ocean temperatures rise. This creates a pressure gradient between the cooler sea air and the warmer land air, particularly over Rajasthan. Consequently, monsoon winds are drawn towards the low-pressure area over India.

Indian Ocean Dipole

In 1999, N.H. Saji and colleagues from Japan’s University of Aizu identified the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), an ENSO-like phenomenon in the Indian Ocean. The IOD has three phases: positive, negative, and neutral. During the positive IOD phase, sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean are warmer than in the eastern part. Conversely, during the negative phase, the eastern Indian Ocean is warmer. No significant gradient exists during the neutral phase. Positive IOD phases are associated with significantly higher Indian summer monsoon rainfall compared to negative IOD phases.

El Niño

El Niño refers to the occasional appearance of a warm ocean current off the coast of Peru, temporarily replacing the cold Peruvian current. Named after the infant Christ ("El Niño" means "the child" in Spanish) because it occurs around Christmas, El Niño leads to increased sea-surface temperatures and reduced trade winds in the region.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) describes the cyclic variations in sea surface temperatures around the equatorial Pacific Ocean. ENSO's unpredictable nature has long challenged forecasters. It affects global weather patterns, especially in countries bordering the Pacific Ocean, by influencing air circulation.

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

The ITCZ is a broad low-pressure area found in equatorial latitudes where the northeast and southeast trade winds converge. This zone shifts north and south following the sun’s apparent movement. The position and strength of the ITCZ significantly affect the Indian Monsoon.

Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ)

The TEJ plays a crucial role in initiating the southwest monsoon. This jet stream flows over the Indian Ocean near Madagascar, intensifying the high-pressure cell and triggering the southwest monsoon. Persistent high summer temperatures over Tibet help develop the easterly jet, leading to heavy rainfall in India. Conversely, if the Tibetan Plateau retains its snow cover, the easterly jet does not form, resulting in reduced monsoon rainfall in India. Thus, years with extensive snow in Tibet are typically followed by weaker monsoons and less rainfall

 

 

 

For Prelims: Southwest monsoon El Nino, Coriolis Force For Mains: GS I- Monssons and their effects on Indian Agriculture

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

 

DEFENCE ACQUISITION COUNCIL

 

1. Context

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, on Friday accorded Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for defence acquisition proposals worth nearly ₹52,000 crore aimed at enhancing the operational capabilities of the Army, Navy and Air Force.

 

2. About the Defence Acquisition Council

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) is the apex body for all defence acquisitions in India. It was formed after recommendations made by the Group of Ministers on 'Reforming the National Security System' in 2001, post-Kargil war. The DAC is headed by the Defence Minister and comprises the following members:

• Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS)
• Secretary, Department of Defence Production
• Secretary, Finance
• Secretary, Defence Research and Development
• Controller General of Defence Accounts
• Other senior officers from the Ministry of Defence and the Services

The Role of the Defence Acquisition Council

The DAC's primary role is to:

• Accord approval for AoN (Acceptance of Necessity) for Capital Acquisition Proposals.
• Categorise the acquisition proposals into 'Buy, Buy & Make, & Make'.
• In-principle approval of 15-Year Long-Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTPP) for Defence Forces.
• Delegate powers to Services/C&AS for the acquisition of items up to a certain value.
• Consider and approve other issues as may be referred to it by the Defence Minister.

Functions of the Defence Acquisition Council

The DAC's primary functions are to:

• Approve capital acquisitions for the Indian Armed Forces.
• Formulate and implement policies and procedures for defence acquisitions.
• Monitor the progress of defence acquisitions.
• Oversee the implementation of the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP).

Reasons for the creation of the Defence Acquisitions Council 

The DAC was created to address the following shortcomings of the previous defence acquisition system:

• Lack of a clear and transparent decision-making process.
• Delays in the procurement of defence equipment.
• Escalation of costs.
• Lack of coordination between different agencies involved in the procurement process.

3. About Defence acquisition

Defence acquisition is the process of acquiring goods and services for the Indian Armed Forces. It is a complex and time-consuming process that involves the identification of requirements, the preparation of specifications, the selection of vendors, the negotiation of contracts, and the delivery of equipment. The Indian defence acquisition process is governed by the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP), which is a set of guidelines that outlines the process for acquiring defence equipment.

The key stages of the defence acquisition process:

•  The first step is to identify the requirements of the Armed Forces. This is done through a detailed assessment of the operational needs of the Armed Forces and the availability of resources.
• Once the requirements have been identified, the next step is to prepare the specifications for the equipment to be acquired. The specifications must be clear, detailed, and unambiguous so that the vendors can understand what is required.
• The next step is to select the vendors who will be invited to participate in the bidding process. The vendors are selected based on their technical ability, financial strength, and experience.
• Once the vendors have been selected, the next step is to negotiate the contracts. The contracts must be fair and reasonable, and they must protect the interests of the government.
• The final step is to deliver the equipment to the Armed Forces. Once the equipment has been delivered, it must be tested and accepted by the Armed Forces.

4. The Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP)

The Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) is the guideline for defence acquisitions in India. The DPP was first introduced in 2006 and has been revised several times since then. The DPP outlines the process for defence acquisitions, from the identification of a requirement to the final acceptance of a product.

The DPP is designed to ensure that defence acquisitions are conducted in a transparent, efficient, and cost-effective manner. The DPP also seeks to promote indigenous defence production and to maximize the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector.

Key features of the DPP

• The DPP emphasizes the need for transparency in all stages of the defence acquisition process. This includes publishing all relevant documents online and making them available to the public.
• The DPP aims to streamline the defence acquisition process and reduce delays. This includes simplifying the tendering process and reducing the number of approvals required.
• The DPP seeks to ensure that defence acquisitions are conducted cost-effectively. This includes negotiating the best possible price for goods and services and promoting indigenous defence production.
• The DPP promotes indigenous defence production by giving preference to Indian companies in the tendering process. The DPP also provides incentives for Indian companies to invest in research and development.
• The DPP seeks to maximize the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector. This includes encouraging Indian companies to form joint ventures with foreign companies.

5. The Way Forward

The DAC and the DPP play a vital role in ensuring that the Indian Armed Forces are equipped with the latest and best possible weapons and equipment. The DAC and the DPP are also important for promoting indigenous defence production and for maximizing the involvement of Indian companies in the defence sector.

 

For Prelims: Defence Acquisition Council, Defence Procurement Procedure, Light Combat Aircraft, Tejas Mk 1 A and 156, Light Combat Helicopters, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Kargil war For Mains:  1. Critically analyze the role of the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) in streamlining and expediting defence acquisitions in India. (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions   1. The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) designed and developed by HAL is also known as (MP Police Constable 2017) A. Suryakiran        B. Aryabhatta      C. Tejas         D. Prakash     2. Which of the following statements is true about the recent procurement of Tejas fighter’s aircraft by IAF? (IB ACIO Grade II 2021)  (1) The IAF has recently purchased 83 Tejas fighters aircraft from HAL (2) The total deal is Rs. 78,000-crore A. 1 only         B. Neither 1 nor 2         C.  Both 1 and 2      D. 2 only     3. What is the name of India's indigenously built Light Combat Helicopter? (OSSC BSSO  2022)  A. Nag         B. Trishul         C. Prachand          D. Agni     4. The headquarters of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is located at _______________. (MP Police Constable 2017)  A. Chennai        B. Bengaluru        C.  Dewas     D. Koraput     5. What was Kargil war otherwise known as? (MP Patwari  2017)  A. Operation Vijay       B. Operation Vishwas   C. Operation Shaurya   D. Operation Paramveer   Answers:1-C, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B 5-A   Mains 1. Analyze the circumstances that led to the Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the Agreement. (UPSC 2013)

 

Source: The Indian Express

 

 

 

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

 

 

 

1. Context

 

Supreme Court recognised walking on demarcated footpaths as a fundamental right and urged the government to introduce a law that declares this right. The two-judge bench’s ruling came in a case involving the death of a schoolboy in a road accident.

 

 

2. What are the Fundamental Rights?

 

 

• Fundamental Rights are the basic human rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India to all citizens (and, in some cases, to all persons). They are contained in Part III (Articles 12–35) of the Constitution.
• These rights protect the dignity, liberty, equality, and freedom of individuals against arbitrary actions of the State. They also ensure the establishment of a democratic and welfare-oriented society.
• Fundamental Rights form the cornerstone of the Indian Constitution by balancing individual liberty with societal interests. They guarantee equality, freedom, justice, and human dignity while ensuring that governmental power remains subject to constitutional limitations.
• Through judicial interpretation, particularly under Article 21, these rights have evolved into dynamic instruments for protecting civil liberties and promoting constitutional morality, making them indispensable to India's democratic framework

 

3. What are the constitutional articles related to it?

 

 

• Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)
  • Equality before the law
  • Prohibition of discrimination
  • Equality of opportunity in public employment
  • Abolition of untouchability
  • Abolition of titles
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)
  • Freedom of speech and expression
  • Freedom of assembly
  • Freedom to form associations
  • Freedom of movement
  • Freedom to reside anywhere in India
  • Freedom to practice any profession
  • Protection in respect of conviction for offences
  • Protection of life and personal liberty
  • Protection against arbitrary arrest and detention
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)
  • Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour
  • Prohibition of child labour in hazardous occupations
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)
  • Freedom of conscience and religion
  • Freedom to manage religious affairs
  • Freedom from certain religious taxes
  • Freedom from religious instruction in certain educational institutions
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
  • Protection of the interests of minorities
  • Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
  • Right to approach the courts for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. B. R. Ambedkar called this the "heart and soul" of the Constitution.

 

 

4. Fundamental Rights Available Only to Citizens

 

 

 

 

• The Constitution of India guarantees several Fundamental Rights under Part III (Articles 12–35). While many of these rights are available to all persons, including foreigners, certain rights are reserved exclusively for Indian citizens.
• These rights recognize the special legal and political relationship between the State and its citizens.
• They primarily relate to equality, freedom, participation in public affairs, and the protection of India's cultural and educational heritage.
• The Fundamental Rights available only to citizens are contained in Articles 15, 16, 19, 29, and 30.

 

Article 15 prohibits the State from discriminating against any citizen solely on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. The objective of this provision is to ensure equality in public life and prevent unfair treatment based on social or personal characteristics Article 16 guarantees equal opportunity to all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment under the State. Every citizen has the right to compete for public employment without arbitrary discrimination Article 19 is one of the most significant Fundamental Rights because it guarantees the essential freedoms required for the functioning of a democratic society. These freedoms are available only to Indian citizens. Article 29(1) provides that any section of the citizens residing in India having a distinct language, script, or culture has the right to conserve and preserve it. This provision recognizes India's immense cultural and linguistic diversity and seeks to protect the identity of different communities. Article 29 ensures that communities can preserve their traditions, language, literature, and cultural heritage without interference. Article 29(2) further prohibits denial of admission into educational institutions maintained by the State or receiving State aid solely on grounds of religion, race, caste, language, or any of them. Article 30 grants religious and linguistic minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The objective is to preserve the identity, culture, language, and traditions of minority communities through education.

 

 

5. Fundamental Rights and Duties Difference

 

 

• The Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties are two essential features of the Constitution of India.
• While Fundamental Rights guarantee certain freedoms and protections to individuals against arbitrary State action, Fundamental Duties remind citizens of their moral and civic obligations towards the nation. Together, they seek to establish a balance between individual liberty and social responsibility, thereby strengthening Indian democracy.
• Fundamental Rights are contained in Part III (Articles 12–35) of the Constitution, whereas Fundamental Duties are contained in Part IVA (Article 51A).
• The Fundamental Duties were inserted by the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• Later, the Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India added the eleventh Fundamental Duty, requiring parents or guardians to provide educational opportunities to children between the ages of six and fourteen years.

 

Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties are complementary rather than contradictory. Rights enable citizens to enjoy freedom and dignity, while duties ensure that these freedoms are exercised responsibly without harming society or the nation. For example: The Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression should be exercised responsibly without promoting hatred or violence. The Right to Freedom of Religion should be balanced with the duty to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood. The Right to Education is complemented by the duty of parents or guardians to provide educational opportunities to children between six and fourteen years of age. The Right to a Clean Environment, recognized through judicial interpretation of Article 21, is supported by the duty to protect and improve the natural environment under Article 51A(g).

 

6. Way Forward

 

The Supreme Court on 19th June held that the right to walk on secured footpaths is a fundamental right and urged the government to bring a law that declares this right and recognises the duty of municipal authorities and local bodies to build, demarcate, and maintain necessary pedestrian infrastructure

 

For Premins:  Indian Polity and Governance, Fundamental rights, Fundamental Duties   For Mains: General Studies II: Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.

 

 

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

 

GRADED RESPONSE ACTION PLAN(GRAP)

 

1.Context

 In a move to combat air pollution during the winter months, the Delhi government has notified a series of restrictions that will come into force from November 1 to February 28 every year — from curbs on vehicles and construction activities, to staggered office timings and work from home.

2.What is a Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

In 2014, when a study by the WHO found that Delhi was the most polluted city in the world, panic spread in the center and the state government. Approved by the supreme court in 2016, the plan was formulated after several meetings that the Environmental Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) held with state government representatives and experts. The result was a plan that institutionalized measures to be taken when air quality deteriorates.

The plan was notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate change in 2017.

GRAP works only as an emergency measure.

 

It institutionalized measures to be taken when air quality deteriorates.

1. The plan is incremental- therefore, when the air quality moves from 'poor' to 'very poor, the measures listed under both sections have to be followed.

2. It prevents PM10 and PM2.5 levels from going beyond the 'moderate' national AQI category.

 

Authorities from both Haryana and UP had informed EPCA at the time that they would put in the required measures by winter 2020 for the supply of electricity from the grid.

3.Has GRAP Helped?

• The biggest success of GRAP has been in fixing accountability and deadlines.
• For each action to be taken under a particular air quality category, executing agencies are marked.
• In a territory like Delhi, where a multiplicity of authorities has been a long-standing impediment to effective governance, this step made a crucial difference.

4.Measures that are taken in other states

• one criticism of the EPCA, as well as GRAP, has been the focus on Delhi. While other states have managed to delay several measures, citing a lack of resources, Delhi has always been the first to have stringent measures enforced.
• When the air quality shifts from poor to very poor, the measures listed under both sections have to be followed since the plan is incremental in naturality reaches the severe+ stage, GRAP talks about shutting down schools and implementing the odd-even road-space rationing scheme. 

5.Actions under GRAP

Severe+ or Emergency	(PM 2.5 OVER 300 300 µg/cubic metre or PM10 over 500µg/cu. m. for 48+ hours) Stop construction work. Stop entry of trucks into Delhi. Introduce odd/even schemes for private vehicles and minimize exemptions. Taskforce to decide any additional steps including shutting schools to stop.
Severe	(PM 2.5 OVER 250µg/cu. m. or PM10 over 430 µg/cu. m. ) Maximize power generation from natural gas to reduce generation from coal. Close brick kilns, hot mix plants, and stone crushers. More frequent mechanized cleaning of roads and sprinkling of water.
Very Poor	(PM2.5 121-250 µg/cu. m. or PM10 351-430 µg/cu.m. ) Increase bus and metro services. Stop the use of diesel generator sets. Enhance parking fee by 3-4 times. Apartment owners discourage burning fires in winter by providing electric heaters during winter. Advisories to people with respiratory and cardiac conditions to restrict outdoor movement.
Moderate to Poor	(PM2.5 61-120 µg/cu. m. or PM10 101-350 µg/cu. m.) Close/enforce pollution control regulations in brick kilns and industries. Heavy fines for garbage burning. Mechanized sweeping on roads with heavy traffic and water sprinkling.

 

6. The Air Quality Index (AQI)

• The AQI is a colour-coded index launched under the Swachh Bharat campaign to simplify the understanding of pollution levels.
• It helps convey the condition of the air and guides appropriate measures based on the severity of pollution.
• The AQI consists of six categories, each with a corresponding colour code: 'Good' (0-50), 'Satisfactory' (51-100), 'Moderately Polluted' (101-200), 'Poor' (201-300), 'Very Poor' (301-400) and 'Severe' (401-500).

 

7. Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

 

• The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) was established by the Government of India in October 2020 to address the persistent and severe problem of air pollution in the National Capital Region (NCR) and adjoining states.
• It was later given statutory backing through the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021. The Commission functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
• The CAQM was created in response to the recurring air pollution crisis in Delhi and surrounding areas, which often see hazardous air quality levels, especially during the winter months.
• The problem is aggravated by factors such as stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana, industrial and vehicular emissions, and construction dust. Earlier, multiple agencies such as the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), state pollution control boards, and environment departments operated independently, leading to poor coordination and weak enforcement. The CAQM was envisioned as a centralized, permanent body to unify and coordinate efforts across states.
• The Commission’s jurisdiction extends to Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, covering areas adjoining the NCR. It is headed by a Chairperson appointed by the Central Government—typically a former Secretary to the Government of India or a Chief Secretary of a state.
• The body includes representatives from central ministries, state governments, the CPCB, ISRO, and NITI Aayog, along with experts in environmental science and pollution control.
• The CAQM is responsible for monitoring, coordinating, and implementing air quality management plans across its jurisdiction. It formulates policies to prevent and control air pollution, enforces existing environmental laws, and ensures that central, state, and local authorities act in a coordinated manner.
• The Commission also plays a critical role in tackling stubble burning, a major seasonal contributor to pollution in northern India. It has the authority to issue directions to central, state, and local authorities, and its orders override those of other agencies within its jurisdiction. Moreover, the Commission possesses powers of a civil court, enabling it to summon individuals, demand documents, and take punitive actions against violators.
• The establishment of CAQM marks an important step in India’s environmental governance. By creating a single authority with comprehensive powers, the government sought to move away from fragmented approaches and ensure consistent, region-wide enforcement.
• However, despite its potential, the Commission faces challenges such as jurisdictional overlaps, limited manpower, and the lack of strong enforcement mechanisms at the local level. Successful functioning of CAQM ultimately depends on the cooperation of states, technological monitoring, and public awareness

 

 

For Prelims and Mains

For Prelims: Graded Response Action Plan, National Capital Region (NCR),Environmental pollution(prevention control)Authority (EPCA). For Mains: 1. What is GRAP? What is the Delhi-NCR action plan as air pollution increases? (250 words).

 

Previous Year Questions   1.In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index? (2016) Carbon dioxide  Carbon monoxide  Nitrogen dioxide  Sulfur dioxide  Methane  Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only  (b) 2, 3 and 4 only  (c) 1, 4 and 5 only  (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Answer (b)

SOURCE: The Indian Express

 

 

 

SICKLE CELL DISEASE

1. Context

President Droupadi Murmu on Friday said that the country would eradicate sickle cell anaemia well before the government-set target of 2047, while calling for collective efforts to raise awareness about the disorder, especially among tribal communities

2. What are Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassaemia?

Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders that affect the shape and function of red blood cells. Red blood cells are normally round and flexible, but in people with sickle cell disease, they become sickle-shaped or C-shaped. These sickle-shaped cells can get stuck in blood vessels, blocking blood flow and causing pain, fatigue, and other serious health problems.

Symptoms of sickle cell disease can include:

• Painful episodes, called crises, that can last for days or even weeks
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Swelling of the hands and feet
• Anemia (a lack of red blood cells)
• Frequent infections

Types of Sickle Cell Disease

There are several different types of sickle cell disease, depending on the specific mutations in the haemoglobin gene. The most common type is sickle cell anaemia (HbSS), which occurs when a person inherits two copies of the gene mutation from each parent. Other types of sickle cell disease include sickle cell-beta thalassemia (HbSB), which occurs when a person inherits one copy of the sickle cell gene mutation and one copy of a beta-thalassemia gene mutation, and sickle cell-C disease (HbSC), which occurs when a person inherits one copy of the sickle cell gene mutation and one copy of a haemoglobin C gene mutation.

Causes of Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the haemoglobin gene. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The mutation causes the haemoglobin to be misshapen, which makes the red blood cells sickle-shaped.

2.1. Thalassaemia

Thalassaemia is a group of inherited blood disorders that affect the production of haemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. People with thalassaemia have less haemoglobin than normal, which can lead to anaemia and other health problems.

Types of Thalassaemia

There are two main types of thalassaemia:

• Alpha thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces the alpha globin chain of haemoglobin.
• Beta thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces the beta globin chain of haemoglobin.

Symptoms of Thalassaemia

The severity of thalassaemia symptoms depends on the type of thalassaemia and the severity of the mutation. Symptoms of thalassaemia can include:

• Fatigue
• Pale skin
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Slow growth
• Enlarged spleen

Causes of Thalassaemia

Thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is made up of two globin chains, alpha and beta. Alpha thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces the alpha-globin chain, while beta thalassaemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces the beta-globin chain.

3. How Does the Therapy Work?

• Both sickle cell disease and thalassaemia are caused by errors in the gene for haemoglobin, a protein in the red blood cells that carry oxygen to organs and tissues.
• The therapy uses the patient’s own blood stem cells, which are precisely edited using Crispr-Cas9.
• A gene called BCL11A, which is crucial for switching from foetal to adult haemoglobin, is targeted by the therapy.
• Foetal haemoglobin, which is naturally present in everyone at birth, does not carry the same abnormalities as adult haemoglobin.
• The therapy uses the body’s own mechanisms to start producing more of this foetal haemoglobin, alleviating the symptoms of the two conditions.

 3.1. Trial Results

• Sickle cell disease: 45 people received Casgevy. Only 29 of these patients had been in the trial long enough for the interim analysis on which the approval is based.
• All but one of these 29 trial participants had no severe pain crises for at least 12 months after treatment.
• Thalassaemia: The therapy has been administered to 54 persons with thalassaemia for the trial. Of them, 42 were in the trial long enough for the interim analysis. 3
• 9 of the 42 patients did not need a transfusion for at least 12 months after the treatment. The need for transfusion dropped by 70% in the other three.

4. Treatment Preparation and challenges

• Casgevy is a one-time treatment for which the doctor has to first collect blood stem cells from the bone marrow using a process called apheresis used to filter out the blood for different components.
• The cells are then sent to the manufacturing site where it takes about six months for them to be edited and tested.
• Before a transplant with the edited cells, the doctor gives a conditioning medicine for a few days to clear the bone marrow of other cells that will be replaced by the modified cells.
• The patient has to stay in the hospital for at least a month so that the edited cells take up residence in the bone marrow and start making red blood cells with normal haemoglobin.
• Side effects from the treatment are similar to those associated with autologous stem cell transplants, including nausea, fatigue, fever and increased risk of infection.
• While the therapy shows tremendous potential, the cost remains a significant challenge, with estimates suggesting it could be as high as $2 million per patient. 
• This poses accessibility issues, especially for individuals in poorer countries.
• However, experts believe that with more research and development, prices may decrease, and local manufacturing facilities can enhance affordability.

An estimated 30,000-40,000 children in India are born with sickle cell disease every year. India also has the largest number of children with thalassaemia major in the world about 1-1.5 lakh. Dr Chakraborty’s team is also working on gene therapy for sickle cell disease with the government’s big push. The team is currently working on the pre-clinical studies and are likely to enter clinical trial in the next few years.

5. Conclusion

Casgevy's approval marks a significant milestone in Crispr-based therapy. While challenges exist, including pricing and accessibility, ongoing research and potential reductions in costs indicate a promising future for gene therapies. The working gene therapy for sickle cell disease with upcoming clinical trials in the pipeline.

For Prelims: Sickle Cell Disease, thalassaemia, CrisprCas9, Noble Prize, red blood cells,  For Mains:  1. Critically analyze the challenges associated with gene therapy, including cost and accessibility, and discuss potential solutions. (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions 1. In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above are correct?  A. 1 and 2 only       B. 2 and 3 only          C. 1 and 3 only         D. 1, 2 and 3     2. Sick cell anemia (Sickle cell anemia) is caused by? (UPSSSC Chakbandi Lekhpal 2019) A. Deficiency of folic acid B. Abnormal levels of hemoglobin C. Deficiency of iron D. Decreased production of red blood cells (RBCs)     3. What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news? (UPSC 2019) A. A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing B. A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients C. A gene that makes plants pest-resistant D. A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops     4. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2018) Terms Sometimes seen in news                 Context/Topic 1. Bell II experiment                                  Artificial 2. Blockchain                                             Digital/Cryptocurrency 3. CRISPR - Cas9                                      Particle Physics Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? A. 1 and 3 only            B.  2 only             C. 2 and 3 only          D. 1, 2 and 3     5. Einstein got the Nobel Prize for (BPSC 64TH CCE 2018)  A. relativity      B.  Bose-Einstein condensation C. mass-energy equivalence D. photoelectric effect E. None of the above/More than one of the above   6. Who among the following scientists shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with his son? (UPSC CSE 2008) (a) Max Planck       (b) Albert Einstein          (c) William Henry Bragg         (d) Enrico Fermi   7. Nobel Prize winning scientist James D. Watson is known for his work in which area? (UPSC CSE 2008) (a) Metallurgy         (b) Meteorology            (c) Environmental protection           (d) Genetics   8. Nobel Prize for Economics was instituted in the year _______ (Punjab Patwari 2016) A. 1984        B. 1962           C. 1948          D. 1968   9. Red blood cells (RBCs) have (NDA  2017)  A. no nucleus, no mitochondria, and no endoplasmic reticulum B. nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum C. nucleus, mitochondria but no endoplasmic reticulum D. no mitochondria but endoplasmic reticulum is present     10. Which one of the following statements about blood elements is correct? (UPSC CAPF  2018) A. Red blood cells number is same as that of white blood cells and platelets. B. The number of white blood cells is more than red blood cells. C. The number of red blood cells is the highest. D. The number of red blood cells is lower than platelets.   Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-B, 5-D, 6-C, 7-D, 8-D, 9-A, 10-C   Mains 1. What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (UPSC 2021) 2. The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura for the invention of Blue LEDs in the 1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of human beings? (UPSC 2021)

 

Source: Indianexpress