Current Affair

Back
DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 10 JULY 2026

SOUTHWEST MONSOON

 
 
1. Context
 
The southwest monsoon covered the entire country on Thursday, a day later than its normal date, after advancing into the remaining parts of the north Arabian Sea, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab, India Meteorological Department (IMD) officials said.
 
2. What is the southwest monsoon?
 
  • The southwest monsoon is a seasonal weather pattern that brings significant rainfall to large parts of South Asia, particularly India, between June and September
  • The southwest monsoon typically begins in early June and lasts until late September. It starts with the arrival of the monsoon winds in the southern part of India, usually marked by the onset over the state of Kerala
  • The southwest monsoon brings about 70-90% of India’s annual rainfall. The distribution of rainfall varies, with some regions receiving heavy rains, while others may experience scanty showers.
  • The Western Ghats, the northeastern states, and the Himalayan foothills typically receive very heavy rainfall.
  • The monsoon is critical for the Kharif crop season in India, which includes crops like rice, maize, pulses, and cotton. Adequate and timely monsoon rains are essential for a good harvest
  • The monsoon starts retreating from northwestern India in early September and completely withdraws from the Indian subcontinent by mid-October. This phase is also known as the retreating or northeast monsoon

Mechanism:

  • High-Pressure Area: During the summer, intense heating of the landmass in the Indian subcontinent creates a low-pressure area over northern India and the Tibetan Plateau.
  • Low-Pressure Area: The Indian Ocean remains relatively cooler, creating a high-pressure area.
  • Wind Movement: Air moves from the high-pressure area over the ocean to the low-pressure area over the land, carrying moisture from the ocean and resulting in rainfall.
The monsoon trough is an elongated area of low pressure extending from the heat low over Pakistan and northwestern India to the Bay of Bengal. It influences the distribution and intensity of the monsoon rains.
 
3. What are easterly and westerly winds?
 
Easterly Winds
 
  • Easterly and westerly winds refer to the direction from which the winds originate
  • Easterly winds are winds that blow from the east towards the west
  • Easterly winds can affect weather patterns, including the development of tropical storms and cyclones. For instance, easterly waves in the tropics can lead to the formation of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Characteristics:

  • Trade Winds: One of the most well-known examples of easterly winds are the trade winds. These winds blow from the east towards the west in the tropics, from the subtropical high-pressure areas toward the equatorial low-pressure areas.
  • Tropical Regions: In the tropical regions, particularly between 30 degrees north and south of the equator, easterly winds are prevalent. These are crucial for the weather patterns and climatic conditions in these regions.
  • Monsoon Winds: During certain seasons, such as the northeast monsoon in India, easterly winds play a significant role. These winds bring dry air from the land towards the ocean during the winter months.
Westerly Winds
 
  • Westerly winds are winds that blow from the west towards the east
  • Westerly winds play a significant role in the weather of temperate regions, influencing the climate and the movement of storm systems.
  • They are also responsible for carrying warm and moist air from the oceans inland, affecting precipitation patterns in coastal and inland regions.
  • The westerlies can affect transoceanic travel and weather prediction due to their influence on the movement of high and low-pressure systems

Characteristics:

  • Prevailing Westerlies: These winds are predominant in the mid-latitudes (between 30 and 60 degrees north and south of the equator). They blow from the subtropical high-pressure belts towards the poles.
  • Jet Streams: High-altitude westerly winds known as jet streams are important in influencing weather patterns and the movement of weather systems across the globe. They are fast flowing and occur in the upper levels of the atmosphere.
  • Polar Front: In the mid-latitudes, the westerlies interact with polar easterlies near the polar front, leading to the development of extratropical cyclones and storms
 
 
4.How does monsoon occur in India?

Monsoons in India occur due to seasonal changes in wind patterns and temperature differences between land and sea.

Here's a concise explanation of the process:

  • Differential heating: During summer, the Indian landmass heats up more quickly than the surrounding Indian Ocean.
  • Low pressure system: The heated land creates a low-pressure area over the Indian subcontinent.
  • Wind direction shift: This low pressure draws in moisture-laden winds from the cooler Indian Ocean towards the land.
  • Orographic lift: As these winds encounter geographical features like the Western Ghats or the Himalayas, they are forced to rise.
  • Condensation and precipitation: The rising air cools, causing water vapor to condense and form clouds, leading to heavy rainfall.
  • Duration: This pattern typically lasts from June to September, bringing the majority of India's annual rainfall.
 
5.What are the conditions that determine the onset of monsoon?
 
  • The primary driver is the temperature difference between the land and the surrounding sea. During summer, the land heats up faster than the ocean, creating a low-pressure area over the land and a high-pressure area over the ocean. This pressure difference leads to the movement of moist air from the ocean to the land
  • Warm sea surface temperatures are crucial as they increase the evaporation rate, contributing to the formation of moist air masses that drive the monsoon rains.
  • The monsoon winds, which are part of the larger atmospheric circulation, shift according to the seasonal temperature differences. The southwest monsoon, for instance, is driven by the southwest winds that carry moisture from the Indian Ocean to the Indian subcontinent.
  • The geographical features, such as mountain ranges, play a significant role. For example, the Western Ghats in India force moist air to rise, cool, and condense, leading to heavy rainfall on the windward side
  • The movement and strength of the high-pressure systems over the oceans and low-pressure systems over the land influence the intensity and timing of the monsoon.
  • Phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña can affect the strength and timing of the monsoon. For example, El Niño can lead to weaker monsoons due to altered wind patterns and sea surface temperatures
6.What is the impact of La-Nina and El Nino on monsoon?
 
La Niña and El Niño, both phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, have significant impacts on the monsoon patterns around the world.
 
Here’s how each affects the monsoon:
El Niño
  • El Niño is generally associated with a weaker Indian monsoon. The warming of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean during El Niño tends to disrupt the normal atmospheric circulation patterns, leading to reduced rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
  • The onset of the monsoon can be delayed, and the overall intensity of the rainfall during the monsoon season might be lower than usual
  •  El Niño often brings drier conditions to Southeast Asia and northern Australia, leading to droughts and reduced rainfall
  • Eastern and southern Africa may experience drier conditions as well
La Niña
  • La Niña, characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, is typically associated with a stronger Indian monsoon. It often leads to increased rainfall over the Indian subcontinent
  • The enhanced monsoon can lead to heavier rains and potentially more frequent and intense flooding
  • La Niña tends to bring wetter conditions to Southeast Asia and northern Australia, potentially causing heavy rains and flooding
  • La Niña can lead to wetter conditions in parts of northern South America
 
7.Way Forward
 
The intermittent development of a wind shear zone — where winds move with different velocities and directions — along latitudes 20 ° N between central and peninsular India
 
 
 
For Prelims: Indian and World Geography
For Mains: GS-I, GS-III: Important Geophysical phenomena and environment
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2012)
 
1. The duration of the monsoon decreases from southern India to northern India.
2. The amount of annual rainfall in the northern plains of India decreases from east to west.
 
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 Only
B. 2 Only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor
Answer (C)
  • The duration of the monsoon indeed decreases from southern India to northern India. The southern part of India experiences the monsoon earlier and for a longer duration compared to the northern part.
  • The amount of annual rainfall in the northern plains of India decreases from east to west. The eastern part of the northern plains receives more rainfall compared to the western part, largely due to the influence of the Bay of Bengal branch of the Southwest Monsoon.
 
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

POCSO ACT

 

1. Context

The Telangana High Court on Thursday granted conditional bail to Bandi Sai Bageerath, son of Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Bandi Sanjay Kumar, in connection with a case registered under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act..

2. Development of Legislation Against Child Sexual Abuse in India

Constitutional Provisions and International Commitments
  • The Constitution of India includes provisions to protect children's rights.
  • India has ratified international instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Protocol on the Sale of Children.
Lack of Dedicated Provision
  • India lacked specific legislation addressing child sexual abuse.
  • Cases were tried under various provisions of the Indian Penal Code, which were deemed insufficient.
Goa Incident and State-Level Response
  • A child sexual abuse racket was exposed in Goa during the 1990s.
  • The state government responded by enacting a law in 2003 to promote child rights.
Children's Code Bill, 2000
  • The Special Expert Committee under Justice VR Krishna Iyer drafted the Children's Code Bill, presenting a comprehensive framework for child rights in India.
Draft Bill Addressing Offences Against Children
  • In 2005, the Department of Women and Child Development prepared a draft bill to address different offenses targeted against children.
Study of Child Abuse Report (2007)
  • Published by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
  • Covered 13 states with a sample size of 12,447 children, 2,324 young adults, and 2,449 stakeholders.
  • Found that 50.76% of children surveyed reported experiencing one or more forms of sexual abuse.
  • Boys reported a higher overall percentage of sexual abuse than girls, contrary to prevailing perceptions.
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Bill, 2010
  • In September 2010, the Ministry of Women and Child Development prepared a draft bill.
  • After several revisions, it came into force as the POCSO Act on Children's Day (November 14, 2012).

3. Analysis of POCSO Act Trials and Case Characteristics

  • Acquittals and Convictions: Analysis shows that 43.44% of trials under the POCSO Act end in acquittals, while only 14.03% end in convictions. For every one conviction, there are three acquittals, indicating a significant disparity.
  • State-wise Disparity in Acquittals and Convictions: Acquittals are significantly higher than convictions in all states studied. Examples: In Andhra Pradesh, acquittals are seven times more than convictions, and in West Bengal, acquittals are five times more than convictions. Kerala has a relatively lower gap, with acquittals constituting 20.5% and convictions constituting 16.49% of total disposals.
  • Relationship Between Victim and Accused: Out of 138 examined judgments, only 6% of cases involved accused who were strangers to the victim. In 44% of cases, the relationship between the victim and accused was unidentified. Known acquaintances constituted 22.9% of the accused, family members accounted for 3.7%, and cases with prior romantic relationships made up 18%.
  • Age Distribution of Victims and Accused: Among the 138 cases studied, 5.47% of victims were under 10 years, 17.8% were between 10-15 years, and 28% were between 15-18 years. The age of the victim was unidentified in 48% of cases. Age details of accused individuals were not identified in 63.6% of cases. Identified age ranges of accused: 11.6% between 19-25 years, 10.9% between 25-35 years, 6.1% between 35-45 years, and 6.8% above 45 years.
  • Offenses and Severity: Penetrative sexual assault (31.18%) and aggravated penetrative sexual assault (25.59%) collectively account for over half of all POCSO cases. These offenses carry the most stringent punishments under the POCSO Act.

4. Analysis of POCSO Case Disposal and Pendency

  • Delayed Disposal: On average, it takes 509.78 days for a POCSO case to be disposed of, exceeding the one-year stipulated timeframe under the Act.
  • Increase in Pending Cases: The pendency of POCSO cases had been gradually increasing over the years. Notably, there was a sharp rise in pending cases between 2019 and 2020, attributed to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Reasons for Delay: Slow pace of police investigation and delays in depositing samples with Forensic Science Laboratories were identified as primary reasons for case delays.
  • Transfers of Cases: 22.76% of cases were disposed of through transfers from one court to another. One-fifth of the cases in the dataset ended in transfers, indicating administrative mismanagement or wrongful appreciation of facts by the police.
  • Increasing Transfer Trend: The percentage of transfers out of total disposals was around 8% in 2013 but rose to a little over 19% in 2019 and a concerning 42% in 2020. This trend is seen as problematic due to the time wasted as cases are transferred between courts.

5. POCSO Trials and Case Statistics in India

  • Delhi's POCSO Trials and Case Length: Delhi has the highest number of POCSO trials in the country, with 13.54 cases per 100,000 population in 2018. However, Delhi also had the highest average case length in 2020, at 1,284.33 days.
  • Average Time for Convictions: Chandigarh and West Bengal are the only states where the average time taken for convictions is within one year. States like Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Kerala, Sikkim, Chandigarh, and the NCT of Delhi have a higher reporting of POCSO cases.
  • Districts with the Highest Number of POCSO Trials: The five districts with the highest number of POCSO trials (pending and disposed of) are Namchi (Sikkim), New Delhi, Central Delhi, Medak (Telangana), and West Garo Hills (Meghalaya).
  • Pendency and Disposal Rates: Uttar Pradesh has the highest pendency, with 77.77% of the total POCSO cases filed between November 2012 and February 2021 pending. Tamil Nadu has the highest disposal percentage at 80.2%.
  • Districts with Highest Pendency Percentages: The five districts with the highest pendency percentages include Lucknow, Hardoi, Budaun, and Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh and Howrah in West Bengal.

6. Gaps in Implementation

  • Absence of Support Persons: According to the study, "support persons" are not appointed in most POCSO cases. The Supreme Court highlighted that in 96% of cases, victims were not provided with a support person.
  • Role of support Persons: A support person can be an individual or organization working in child rights or protection, an official from a children's home or shelter home. or a staff member of the District Child Protection Unit (DCPU). Their role is to guide and support the victim throughout the legal process.
  • Insufficient Designated POCSO Courts: The analysis reveals that not all districts have designated POCSO courts. As of 2022, 408 POCSO courts have been established in 28 states under the Government's Fast Track Special Court Scheme.
  • Lack of Special Public Prosecutors: There is a shortage of special public prosecutors specifically appointed to handle POCSO cases. Even when appointed, they are often engaged in non-POCSO cases, leading to a lack of dedicated focus on POCSO matters.
For Prelims: Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO), Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Protocol on the Sale of Children, Children's Code Bill, 2000,  Child Abuse Report (2007). 
For Mains: 1. Critically analyze the findings of the analysis on convictions, acquittals, victim-accused relationships, and offense patterns in POCSO cases in India. (250 words).

Previous year Question

1. In India, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, ____ is a comprehensive law to provide for the protection of children from the offenses of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography, while safeguarding the interests of the child. (SSC CGL 2021)
A.2012
B. 2006
C. 2010
D. 2008
Answer: A
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

QUANTUM COMPUTING

 

1. Context 

India’s ambition to become a global-tech powerhouse hinges on its ability to produce world-class engineers. From artificial intelligence (AI), semiconductors, and quantum technologies to advanced manufacturing, clean energy, and the digital economy, engineering talent will be the cornerstone of the country’s next phase of growth and global competitiveness.
 
2. About quantum computing
  • Quantum computing is a rapidly-emerging technology that harnesses the laws of quantum mechanics to solve problems too complex for classical computers. 
  • IBM Quantum makes real quantum hardware a tool scientists only began to imagine three decades ago available to hundreds of thousands of developers.
  • Engineers deliver ever-more-powerful superconducting quantum processors at regular intervals, alongside crucial advances in software and quantum-classical orchestration.
  • This work drives toward the quantum computing speed and capacity necessary to change the world. 
  • These machines are very different from the classical computers that have been around for more than half a century.
Image Source: IBM

3. Need for quantum computers

  • For some problems, supercomputers aren’t that super. When scientists and engineers encounter difficult problems, they turn to supercomputers.
  • These are very large classical computers, often with thousands of classical CPU and GPU cores. However, even supercomputers struggle to solve certain kinds of problems.
  • If a supercomputer gets stumped, that's probably because the big classical machine was asked to solve a problem with a high degree of complexity. When classical computers fail, it's often due to complexity
  • Complex problems are problems with lots of variables interacting in complicated ways.
  • Modelling the behaviour of individual atoms in a molecule is a complex problem, because of all the different electrons interacting with one another.
  • Sorting out the ideal routes for a few hundred tankers in a global shipping network is complex too.

4. Quantum computers work

  • Quantum computers are elegant machines, smaller and requiring less energy than supercomputers.
  • An IBM Quantum processor is a wafer not much bigger than the one found in a laptop.
  • And a quantum hardware system is about the size of a car, made up mostly of cooling systems to keep the superconducting processor at its ultra-cold operational temperature.
  • A classical processor uses bits to perform its operations. A quantum computer uses qubits (CUE-bits) to run multidimensional quantum algorithms.

4.1. Superfluids

  • A desktop computer likely uses a fan to get cold enough to work.
  • Quantum processors need to be very cold about a hundredth of a degree above absolute zero.
  • To achieve this, we use super-cooled superfluids to create superconductors.

4.2. Superconductors

  • At those ultra-low temperatures, certain materials in our processors exhibit another important quantum mechanical effect: electrons move through them without resistance. This makes them "superconductors." 
  • When electrons pass through superconductors they match up, forming "Cooper pairs."
  • These pairs can carry a charge across barriers, or insulators, through a process known as quantum tunnelling.
  • Two superconductors placed on either side of an insulator form a Josephson junction.

4.3. Control

  • Our quantum computers use Josephson junctions as superconducting qubits.
  • By firing microwave photons at these qubits, we can control their behaviour and get them to hold, change, and read out individual units of quantum information.

4.4. Superposition

  • A qubit itself isn't very useful. But it can perform an important trick: placing the quantum information it holds into a state of superposition, which represents a combination of all possible configurations of the qubit.
  • Groups of qubits in superposition can create complex, multidimensional computational spaces. Complex problems can be represented in new ways in these spaces.

4.5. Entanglement

  • Entanglement is a quantum mechanical effect that correlates the behaviour of two separate things.
  • When two qubits are entangled, changes to one qubit directly impact the other.
  • Quantum algorithms leverage those relationships to find solutions to complex problems.
5. Making quantum computers useful
  • Right now, IBM Quantum leads the world in quantum computing hardware and software. It is a clear and detailed plan to scale quantum processors, overcomes the scaling problem, and build the hardware necessary for quantum advantage.
  • Quantum advantage will not be achieved with hardware alone.
  • IBM has also spent years advancing the software that will be necessary to do useful work using quantum computers.
  • They developed the Qiskit quantum SDK. It is open-source, python-based, and by far the most widely-used quantum SDK in the world.
  • The Qiskit Runtime is the most powerful quantum programming model in the world.
  • Achieving quantum advantage will require new methods of suppressing errors, increasing speed, and orchestrating quantum and classical resources.
 
For Prelims: Quantum computing, supercomputers, Qiskit Runtime, IBM, National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications, superconductors, 
For Mains: 
1. What is Quantum computing? Discuss the need for Quantum Computers in emerging countries like India. (250 Words)
2. What are quantum computers and how are they different from conventional computers? Where does India stand in the race to build quantum computers that can realise their full potential? (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. India's first Supercomputer is  (TSPSC AEE 2015)
A. Aditya
B. Param Yuva
C.  Param
D. Vikram-100
Answer: C
 
2. What is the full form of IBM? (SSC Steno  2017) 
A. International Business Machine
B. Indian Beta Machine
C. Integral Business Machine
D. Internal Beta Machine
 
Answer: A
 
3. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned? (UPSC 2022) 
A. Cloud Services
B. Quantum Computing
C. Visible Light Communication Technologies
D. Wireless Communication Technologies
 
Answer: B
 
4. Quantum computing uses  (ACC 124 CGAT  2021)
A. Qubit
B. Bits
C. Bytes
D. Qubytes
 
Answer: A
 
Source: IBM
 
 
 

PRAMBANAN TEMPLE

 
1. Context
 
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during his official visit to Indonesia, visited the 9th-century Prambanan Temple Complex in Yogyakarta along with Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto. The two leaders inaugurated a joint conservation initiative for the UNESCO World Heritage Site, which will be undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
 
 
2. Prambanan Temple: An Architectural Jewel of Southeast Asia
 
 
  • The Prambanan Temple is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia and one of the finest examples of Hindu architecture in Southeast Asia.
  • Located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta on the island of Java, the temple stands as a remarkable reminder of the spread of Indian culture, religion, art and architecture beyond the Indian subcontinent through peaceful trade, cultural exchanges and maritime interactions.
  • Built during the ninth century CE, Prambanan represents the golden age of the Hindu Mataram Kingdom.
  • The temple complex was constructed primarily under the patronage of the Sanjaya Dynasty, whose rulers were devoted followers of Hinduism, particularly Shaivism.
  • Although Indonesia is today the world's largest Muslim-majority country, Prambanan serves as an enduring symbol of the country's rich multicultural and religious history.
  • The temple complex was designed as a grand sacred city consisting of nearly 240 temples, making it one of the largest temple complexes ever constructed in Southeast Asia.
  • At the centre of the complex rises the majestic temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, surrounded by temples dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Lord Brahma, collectively representing the Hindu Trimurti.
  • This arrangement reflects the Hindu philosophical understanding of creation, preservation and destruction as complementary cosmic functions.
 
 
3. Historical Background of Prambanan Temple
 
 
  • The construction of Prambanan began around 850 CE during the reign of King Rakai Pikatan of the Sanjaya Dynasty. The temple symbolised the political resurgence of Hindu rule in Central Java after a period of Buddhist dominance under the Sailendra rulers.
  • By constructing such a monumental temple complex, the Sanjaya kings sought to establish both their political legitimacy and religious devotion.
  • However, Prambanan's prosperity did not last indefinitely. During the tenth century, political power gradually shifted from Central Java to East Java, leading to the abandonment of the temple complex.
  • Frequent volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and the passage of time caused significant structural damage, and much of the temple remained buried beneath volcanic debris for centuries.
  • The temple was rediscovered during the nineteenth century under Dutch colonial administration, after which systematic archaeological restoration began. Even today, restoration work continues due to the enormous scale of the complex and the recurring seismic activity affecting the region
 
4. UNESCO World Heritage Status
 
  • Recognising its exceptional historical, artistic and architectural significance, UNESCO inscribed the Prambanan Temple Complex as a World Heritage Site in 1991.
  • The temple represents one of humanity's greatest architectural achievements and serves as an outstanding example of Hindu religious architecture outside the Indian subcontinent.
  • UNESCO recognised the monument for its monumental scale, remarkable stone carvings, sophisticated urban planning and its testimony to the cultural interactions between South Asia and Southeast Asia.
  • Despite centuries of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Prambanan continues to preserve much of its original grandeur and remains one of Indonesia's most visited cultural landmarks.
  • The recent conservation initiative led jointly by Indonesia and India's Archaeological Survey of India further strengthens global efforts to preserve this invaluable cultural treasure for future generations.
 
5. Architectural Style of Prambanan Temple
 
 
  • The Prambanan Temple represents the finest expression of Classical Central Javanese Hindu architecture. While strongly inspired by Indian religious ideas and temple planning principles, its architecture evolved into a distinctly Indonesian style adapted to local geography, construction techniques and artistic traditions.
  • The temple complex follows the Mandala concept, an important principle in Hindu cosmology that symbolises the universe.
  • The temples are arranged in concentric square courtyards, with the holiest shrines occupying the innermost section.
  • This spatial arrangement reflects the Hindu belief in moving progressively from the material world towards spiritual enlightenment.
  • One of the most striking features of Prambanan is its soaring vertical towers. Unlike many Indian temples, whose towers often appear broader or pyramidal, Prambanan's towers are remarkably slender and rise sharply into the sky.
  • These towering structures symbolise Mount Meru, the mythical mountain believed in Hindu cosmology to be the abode of the gods.
  • The tallest temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, rises approximately 47 metres above the ground, making it the dominant feature of the entire complex.
  • Surrounding the three principal temples are smaller shrines dedicated to the divine vehicles of the Hindu gods—Nandi for Shiva, Garuda for Vishnu and Hamsa for Brahma
 
 
6. Architectural Features of the Temple
 
 
  • Prambanan demonstrates extraordinary engineering skills and artistic excellence. The temples were constructed using locally available volcanic andesite stone, carefully cut and assembled without the extensive use of mortar.
  • The precision of stone fitting reflects the advanced engineering capabilities of the builders.
  • The walls of the temples are adorned with intricate relief sculptures depicting episodes from the Ramayana and other Hindu scriptures.
  • These carvings narrate the adventures of Lord Rama, Sita, Hanuman and Ravana with remarkable artistic detail.
  • Interestingly, although the stories originate in India, many of the figures are portrayed with local Javanese artistic characteristics, illustrating how Indian religious narratives were creatively adapted into Southeast Asian culture.
  • The temple also features elaborate carvings of celestial beings, floral motifs, mythical creatures and divine guardians, all of which contribute to its rich decorative programme.
 
7. The Sanjaya Dynasty
 
 
  • The Sanjaya Dynasty played a crucial role in shaping the religious and cultural history of ancient Java. Emerging during the eighth century CE, the dynasty established the Hindu Mataram Kingdom and became one of the most influential ruling houses in Southeast Asia.
  • The rulers of the Sanjaya Dynasty were ardent followers of Hinduism, especially Shaivism, and actively patronised the construction of monumental temples. Their reign witnessed the flourishing of Sanskrit language, Hindu philosophy, literature, sculpture and temple architecture.
  • One remarkable aspect of the Sanjaya period was the peaceful coexistence of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms.
  • Although the Sanjaya rulers promoted Hinduism, they maintained cordial relations with the neighbouring Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty, which was responsible for constructing the famous Borobudur Temple.
  • This coexistence reflects the religious tolerance that characterised much of ancient Southeast Asian civilisation.
  • The construction of Prambanan became the greatest architectural achievement of the Sanjaya rulers and continues to stand as a symbol of their cultural and political legacy.
 
8. Prambanan and India's Civilisational Links with Indonesia
 
 
  • The significance of Prambanan extends far beyond its architectural beauty. The temple embodies centuries of cultural interaction between India and Southeast Asia.
  • From the early centuries of the Common Era, Indian traders, scholars, priests and artisans travelled across the Bay of Bengal, carrying with them religious ideas, Sanskrit literature, artistic traditions and systems of governance.
  • These influences were gradually assimilated by local societies without military conquest or political domination.
  • The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism contributed to the emergence of Indianised kingdoms across Southeast Asia, including those in present-day Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam.
  • The Ramayana and Mahabharata became deeply embedded in local traditions, while Sanskrit vocabulary entered regional languages. Even today, Indonesian culture retains numerous references to these ancient civilisational connections.
  • The joint conservation project led by the Archaeological Survey of India therefore carries symbolic significance beyond heritage preservation.
  • It represents India's commitment to strengthening cultural diplomacy under its Act East Policy and reaffirms the shared historical legacy between India and Indonesia.
  • Such initiatives also enhance cooperation in archaeology, tourism, education and cultural exchanges while reinforcing India's image as a responsible stakeholder in preserving global heritage
 
 
9. Way Forward
 
The Prambanan Temple is much more than an ancient Hindu monument; it is a living testament to the enduring civilisational dialogue between India and Southeast Asia. Its magnificent architecture, historical significance and artistic excellence illustrate how Indian religious and cultural traditions travelled across the seas and were creatively adapted by local societies. At the same time, the temple highlights the importance of cultural exchange, religious tolerance and shared heritage in shaping the history of Asia.
 
For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.
 
For Mains: General Studies I: Art& Culture
General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
 
Source: Indianexpress
 
 

ETHANOL BLENDING

 

1. Context

AMID A raging backlash over a rapid increase in the use of ethanol in petrol from 10% to 20% in just three years, the government is likely to push back the proposed shift to a higher blend of ethanol fuel E25 comprising 75% petrol and 25% ethanol.
 
2. Ethanol
  • Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a type of alcohol commonly used as a biofuel and a key ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
  • It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly sweet taste.
  • Ethanol has a wide range of applications and is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or other microorganisms.

3. Ethanol Blending

  • Ethanol blending refers to the practice of mixing ethanol with gasoline or other fuels to create a blended fuel.
  • Ethanol is a biofuel derived from renewable sources such as sugarcane, corn, or other plant materials.
  • It is commonly used as an additive to gasoline in various parts of the world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote cleaner fuel options.
  • In the context of transportation, the most common form of ethanol blending is with gasoline, creating a blend known as ethanol-gasoline blend or gasohol.
  • The most common ethanol-gasoline blends are E10 and E15, indicating the percentage of ethanol in the mixture. For example, E10 contains 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, while E15 contains 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline.

 

4. What does 100% blending mean?

  • 100% blending refers to the use of pure ethanol as fuel. Compared to ethanol, petrol has a higher energy density, meaning one litre of petrol can deliver nearly 45–55% more energy than the same quantity of ethanol.
  • Most conventional petrol engines are designed and approved only for E20 fuel, which contains 20% ethanol blending. Older vehicles generally support even lower ethanol content.
  • In contrast, fuels such as E85 or E100 require flex-fuel engines that are specifically engineered to operate with varying ethanol concentrations.
  • At present, flex-fuel vehicles are not commonly available in India. Toyota has launched a flex-fuel version of the Toyota Innova Hycross, priced around ₹3–4 lakh higher than its petrol counterpart.
  • Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai are also reportedly developing prototype models. These vehicles require specialised features such as corrosion-resistant fuel systems, advanced sensors, and finely calibrated engine control units to handle higher ethanol blends efficiently

5. Benefits of Ethanol Blending

  • Ethanol is considered a renewable fuel because it is derived from plant materials that absorb carbon dioxide during their growth. When blended with gasoline, ethanol can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, as it emits fewer greenhouse gases compared to pure gasoline.
  • By blending ethanol with gasoline, countries can reduce their reliance on imported fossil fuels and promote energy security.
  • Ethanol has a higher octane rating than gasoline, which can improve engine performance and increase fuel efficiency.
  • Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, providing economic benefits to farmers and rural communities.
  • Ethanol-gasoline blends can help reduce harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds, contributing to improved air quality.
  • Mixing 20 percent ethanol in petrol can potentially reduce the auto fuel import bill by a yearly $4 billion, or Rs 30,000 crore. 
  • Another major benefit of ethanol blending is the extra income it gives to farmers. Ethanol is derived from sugarcane and also foodgrains. Hence, farmers can earn extra income by selling their surplus produce to ethanol blend manufacturers.

6. What is E20 Fuel?

  • E20 fuel is a type of blended fuel that contains 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline.
  • It is an ethanol-gasoline blend, similar to other common blends like E10 (10% ethanol) and E15 (15% ethanol).
  • The percentage of ethanol in the blend is denoted by the "E" followed by the percentage of ethanol content.
  • E20 fuel is considered a higher ethanol blend compared to E10 and E15, which are more widely available in various countries.
  • The use of E20 is part of efforts to promote renewable fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.

 

7. India and Ethanol Blending

  • In India, ethanol is primarily manufactured using sugarcane, which is known to consume large quantities of water.
  • Excessive diversion of sugarcane for ethanol production may affect sugar supply, thereby influencing food prices and availability.
  • To address this concern, the government has been encouraging the production of second-generation ethanol derived from agricultural waste such as rice straw and other crop residues. This approach is also expected to help reduce stubble burning by farmers.
  • However, producing ethanol is still not cheaper than manufacturing petrol, making government support and regulated pricing necessary. There are also environmental and economic concerns associated with ethanol production.
  • Although ethanol releases lower levels of carbon monoxide and particulate pollutants during combustion compared to petrol, sugarcane-based ethanol production involves significant land usage, high water consumption, and dependence on agricultural inputs such as fertilizers
  • India has been attempting to strengthen its energy security by diversifying its energy sources. This includes exploring alternative crude oil suppliers, securing additional uranium resources, and promoting renewable energy through various incentives.
  • Some efforts to access global energy resources have faced challenges due to sanctions imposed by the United States.
  • At the same time, domestic manufacturing capabilities in the energy sector remain limited, and attempts to significantly boost indigenous oil and gas production have achieved only modest success.
  • According to Nitin Gadkari, India must eventually reduce hydrogen production costs to nearly $1 per kilogram if it aims to emerge as an energy-exporting nation. Currently, global hydrogen production costs range between $3 and $6 per kilogram.
  • The National Green Hydrogen Mission has been launched with this objective in mind. Nevertheless, the hydrogen sector still faces major obstacles, particularly the absence of commercially viable systems for hydrogen transport and storage
 

8. Significance of E20 fuel

  • Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Ethanol is derived from renewable plant sources, and blending it with gasoline can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, contributing to efforts to combat climate change.
  • Energy Security: By using more domestically produced ethanol, countries can reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels and enhance energy security.
  • Improved Engine Performance: Ethanol's higher octane rating can enhance engine performance and increase fuel efficiency in certain vehicles.
  • Support for Agriculture: Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, supporting farmers and rural economies.

9. Challenges in Ethanol Blending Programme

While ethanol blending in transportation fuels offers various benefits, there are several challenges that countries may face in implementing and sustaining a successful ethanol blending program. Some of these challenges include:

  • Infrastructure and Distribution: Establishing the necessary infrastructure for blending and distributing ethanol-gasoline blends can be a significant challenge. This includes ensuring that fuel stations have the proper storage facilities and compatible pumps to dispense blended fuels.
  • Compatibility with Vehicles: Not all vehicles are designed to run on high ethanol blends like E20 or E85. Older vehicles or vehicles from certain manufacturers may not be compatible with these blends, leading to potential engine damage or decreased performance.
  • Fuel Quality and Standards: Maintaining consistent fuel quality is essential to prevent engine damage and ensure consumer confidence. Governments and fuel suppliers must adhere to strict quality standards and monitor the blending process to avoid issues with fuel performance.
  • Feedstock Availability and Cost: The production of ethanol relies on agricultural feedstocks, such as corn, sugarcane, or other biomass. The availability and cost of these feedstocks can vary, affecting the overall cost of ethanol production and blending.
  • Land Use and Food Security Concerns: Utilizing agricultural land for ethanol production can raise concerns about competing with food production and potentially impacting food security in some regions.
  • Competing Uses for Ethanol: Ethanol has various applications beyond fuel blending, such as in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. Competing uses can influence the availability and cost of ethanol for blending.

10. National Biofuel Policy

  • India has a National Policy on Biofuels, which was first introduced in 2009 and later revised in 2018.  The policy aims to promote the use of biofuels to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, enhance energy security, promote sustainable development, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
  • The policy encourages the blending of biofuels with conventional fossil fuels to create biofuel blends. It focuses on the production and utilization of first-generation biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as advanced biofuels made from non-food feedstock.
  • The policy sets targets for blending biofuels with conventional fuels in the transportation sector. For instance, the policy aimed for a 20% ethanol blending in petrol and a 5% biodiesel blending in diesel by 2030.
  • The policy emphasizes the development and promotion of second-generation biofuels, which are produced from non-food feedstock, such as agricultural residues, waste, and non-edible oils. This helps avoid competition with food crops and ensures sustainability.
  • The policy supports research and development initiatives in the biofuels sector, aimed at improving production processes, enhancing feedstock availability, and developing cost-effective technologies for biofuel production.
  • The policy focuses on creating a robust supply chain for biofuels, from feedstock cultivation and collection to biofuel production, distribution, and marketing. This helps in ensuring a smooth and efficient supply of biofuels across the country.
11. Can ethanol be used as an aviation fuel?
 
  • The aviation sector remains one of the most difficult industries to decarbonise because large commercial aircraft currently cannot rely on batteries or hydrogen technology at scale.
  • As a result, Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) is considered one of the main solutions for meeting global emission reduction targets in aviation.
  • For ethanol to be suitable for aircraft engines, it must undergo a specialised conversion process known as alcohol-to-jet (ATJ).
  • During this process, ethanol is dehydrated, its hydrocarbon chains are extended, and it is further treated through hydrogenation.
  • This conversion ensures that pure ethanol is not directly used in jet engines, thereby avoiding problems such as reduced engine performance or moisture absorption that could block fuel systems.
  • The final ATJ fuel closely resembles conventional kerosene in its chemical composition, allowing it to be used with existing aviation fuel infrastructure.
  • ASTM International, which establishes international aviation fuel standards, has approved the ATJ production pathway and currently permits blending of up to 50% ATJ-based fuel in Sustainable Aviation Fuel.
  • However, expanding ethanol use for both SAF production and road transport blending could place additional strain on the availability of raw feedstock materials used for ethanol manufacturing
For Prelims: Ethanol Blending, E20 fuel, Greenhouse Gas Emission, National Policy on Biofuels, Food Security, and Gasoline.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the benefits and challenges of ethanol blending in transportation fuels as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote renewable energy sources. (250 Words).
 

Previous year Question

1. According to India's National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cassava
2. Damaged wheat grains
3. Groundnut seeds
4. Horse gram
5. Rotten potatoes
6. Sugar beet
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 5, and 6 only
B. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only
C. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Answer: A
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (NIA)

 

1. Context

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) on Monday filed charges against Hafiz Saeed, chief and founder of the Pakistan-based terrorist organisation Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and its proxy The Resistance Front (TRF), in the Pahalgam terror attack case.

2. About National Investigation Agency (NIA)

  • The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is a federal counter-terrorism law enforcement agency in India.
  • It was established in 2008 after the Mumbai terror attack the same year.
  • The NIA is empowered to deal with the investigation of terror-related crimes across states without special permission from the states under written proclamation from the Ministry of Home Affairs.
  • The primary mandate of the National Investigation Agency is to investigate and prosecute offences that have national and cross-border implications, specifically focusing on terrorism, insurgency, and other related matters.
  • The NIA is headquartered in New Delhi and has 12 regional offices across the country.
  • It is headed by a Director General of Police (DGP) rank officer.
  • The NIA has a team of highly trained and experienced officers who are experts in counter-terrorism investigations.
  • The NIA has been successful in investigating and prosecuting several high-profile terrorism cases, including the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the 2012 Pune bombing, the 2013 Hyderabad blasts, and the 2014 Pathankot attack.
  • The NIA has also played a key role in disrupting terrorist networks and preventing terrorist attacks.
  • It has arrested several senior terrorist operatives and seized a large quantity of arms and ammunition.

3. The Changes Made under the NIA (Amendment) Act 2019

The National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Act, 2019, brought significant changes and enhancements to the powers and jurisdiction of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in India. The amendments aimed to strengthen the agency's ability to combat terrorism and other transnational crimes effectively.

The key changes made under the NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019

  • The amendment expanded the jurisdiction of the NIA. Previously, the agency could investigate cases related to terrorism and certain other offences listed in the NIA Act.
  • The Act adds new offences to the list of scheduled offences that can be investigated by the NIA. These include
  • Cyber terrorism under Section 66-F of the Information Technology Act, 2000
  • Human trafficking under Section 370 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
  • Counterfeiting of currency or bank notes under Sections 489C and 489E of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
  • Manufacture or sale of prohibited arms or ammunition under Sections 25 and 26 of the Arms Act, 1959
  • Offenses under the Explosive Substances Act, 1908
  • This extension of jurisdiction gives the NIA greater reach and authority in handling cases with international ramifications.
  •  The amendment allowed for the establishment of special courts for the trial of NIA cases.
  • These courts are designated to expedite the trial process and ensure that cases are heard and disposed of more quickly, particularly in terrorism-related cases.
  • The NIA (Amendment) Act introduced provisions for the protection of witnesses.
  • It empowers the NIA to request the central government to issue orders for the protection of witnesses.
  • Ensuring the safety of witnesses is crucial for the successful prosecution of cases, especially in terrorism-related trials.
  • The amended law allows the NIA to seize and attach properties that are believed to be the proceeds of terrorism or used for terrorism-related activities.
  • This provision is essential in disrupting the financial networks of terrorist organizations.
  • The NIA can now request the central government to seek extradition of individuals involved in terrorism and other offences under the NIA Act.
  • This provision facilitates the extradition of accused persons from foreign countries to face trial in India.
  • The central government has the authority to designate session courts as NIA Special Courts.
  • These courts are responsible for the trial of NIA cases and follow the procedures outlined in the NIA Act.
  • The NIA Act includes a schedule listing offences that fall under its jurisdiction.
  • The amendment allows for offences in this schedule to be amended by the central government through notification.
  • This flexibility allows for the inclusion of new offences based on emerging threats and challenges.
  • The NIA (Amendment) Act includes provisions to enhance transparency and accountability in the agency's functioning.
  • It mandates the submission of an annual report on its activities to the central government, which is then laid before both houses of Parliament.

4. The Way Forward

The NIA is a vital component of India's counter-terrorism architecture. By taking the necessary steps to improve the NIA's functioning, the government can make the agency more effective in combating terrorism and protecting the country from terrorist threats.
 
For Prelims: National Investigation Agency, Terrorism, NIA Act,2008,  NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019, the Ministry of Home Affairs, Information Technology Act, 2000, Indian Penal Code, Arms Act 1959, Explosive Substances Act, 1908, 
For Mains: 
1. "The NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019, introduced provisions for the confiscation of property believed to be connected to terrorism." Analyze the significance of this provision in curbing the financial networks of terrorist organizations and its alignment with international counter-terrorism efforts. (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions

1. The Stiglitz Commission established by the President of the United Nations General Assembly was in the international news. The commission was supposed to deal with: (UPSC CSE 2010)

(a) The challenges posed by the impending global climate change and prepare a road map
(b) The workings of the global financial systems and to explore ways and means to secure a more sustainable global order
(c) Global terrorism and prepare a global action plan for the mitigation of terrorism
(d) Expansion of the United Nations Security Council in the present global scenario

Answer: B

2. Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (UPPSC 2020)

List – I                              List – II

A. Indian Arm Act             1. 1876

B. Royal Title Act              2. 1878

C. Indian High Court Act   3. 1869

D. Indian Divorce Act        4. 1861

A. (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 1, (D) 4

B. (A) 3, (B) 1, (C) 2, (D) 4

C. (A) 1, (B) 2, (C) 3, (D) 4

D. (A) 2, (B) 1, (C) 4, (D) 3

Answer: D

3. Which one of the following is NOT correctly matched? (UPPSC RO/ARO 2020) 

A. Prevention of Sedition Meetings Act - 1908
B. Explosive Substances Act - 1908
C. Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act - 1908
D. Newspaper (Incentive to Offence) Act - 1908

Answer: A
 
Source: indianexpress
 
 
 

UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT (UAPA)

 
 
 
1. Context
 
 
Observing that “clandestine funding of extremism is among today’s gravest national security threats”, the High Court of Karnataka on Wednesday refused to interfere with a criminal case against six persons linked to U.S.-based Christian missionary organisation ‘The Timothy Initiative’ (TTI), under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967
 
 
2. About Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)
 

The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is an Indian law that was enacted in 1967 to effectively prevent unlawful activities that pose a threat to the sovereignty and integrity of India.

Key highlights of the UAPA

  • Objective: The primary objective of the UAPA is to provide law enforcement agencies with effective tools to combat terrorism and other activities that threaten the security of the nation.
  • Definition of Unlawful Activities: The act defines unlawful activities to include actions that intend to or support the cession of a part of the territory of India or disrupt the sovereignty and integrity of the country.
  • Powers of Designation: The government has the authority to designate an organization as a terrorist organization if it believes that such an organization is involved in terrorism. This designation has significant legal consequences, including the freezing of assets.
  • Powers of Arrest and Detention: The UAPA provides law enforcement agencies with powers of arrest and detention to prevent individuals from engaging in unlawful activities. The act allows for preventive detention to curb potential threats before they materialise.
  • Banning of Terrorist Organizations: The government can proscribe organizations as terrorist organizations, making their activities illegal. This includes banning these organisations, freezing their assets, and taking other measures to curb their operations.
  • Admissibility of Confessions: The UAPA allows for confessions made to police officers to be admissible in court, subject to certain safeguards. This provision has been a point of contention, with concerns about potential misuse and coercion.
  • Designation of Individuals as Terrorists: In addition to organizations, the UAPA allows the government to designate individuals as terrorists. This designation carries legal consequences, including restrictions on travel and freezing of assets.
  • Amendments and Stringency: Over the years, the UAPA has undergone several amendments to strengthen its provisions and make it more effective in dealing with emerging threats. However, these amendments have also been criticized for potential violations of civil liberties.
  • International Cooperation: The UAPA allows for cooperation with foreign countries in matters related to the prevention of unlawful activities. This includes extradition of individuals involved in such activities.
 

3. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Human Rights

 

The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and human rights lie in the impact the act can have on various fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India and international human rights standards.

The key points connecting the UAPA and human rights:

  • The UAPA allows for preventive detention, which means individuals can be detained without formal charges based on suspicions of involvement in unlawful activities. This raises concerns about the right to liberty, as individuals may be deprived of their freedom without the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.
  • The admissibility of confessions made to police officers under the UAPA raises issues related to the right against self-incrimination. There is a risk that such confessions might be obtained under duress or coercion, compromising the fairness of legal proceedings.
  • Designating individuals as terrorists and proscribing organizations without due process may impinge on the right to a fair trial. This includes the right to be informed of charges, the right to legal representation, and the right to present a defense.
  • The UAPA provides authorities with the power to proscribe organizations as terrorist organizations, limiting their activities. Critics argue that this may infringe upon the right to freedom of association, particularly when such designations are made without sufficient evidence or proper legal procedures.
  • The potential for misuse of the UAPA to target individuals or organizations critical of the government raises concerns about freedom of expression. If the act is used to suppress dissent or stifle legitimate political or social activities, it can undermine this fundamental right.
  • The UAPA grants authorities the power to intercept communications and conduct surveillance on individuals suspected of engaging in unlawful activities. This raises concerns about the right to privacy, as individuals may be subjected to intrusive surveillance without adequate safeguards.
  • Human rights standards require that any restrictions on rights, such as those imposed by the UAPA, must be proportionate and necessary for achieving a legitimate aim. Critics argue that the broad scope of the UAPA may lead to disproportionate measures that unduly restrict individual rights.
  • The UAPA's compatibility with international human rights standards, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), is a critical point of consideration. Ensuring that the act aligns with these standards is essential to upholding human rights principles.
 

4. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Constitution

 

The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Indian Constitution lie in how the UAPA's provisions for arrest and detention intersect with the constitutional safeguards provided under Article 22. 

  • Article 22 provides certain protections to individuals who are arrested or detained. It outlines the rights of arrested individuals, emphasizing safeguards to prevent arbitrary or unlawful detention.
  • Article 22(1) states that every person who is arrested and detained shall be informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest. This provision ensures that individuals are aware of the reasons behind their arrest, preventing arbitrary or secret detentions.
  • Article 22(1) also guarantees the right of an arrested person to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of their choice. This ensures that individuals have access to legal assistance during the legal process, contributing to a fair and just legal system.
  • The UAPA includes provisions for preventive detention, allowing authorities to detain individuals to prevent them from committing certain offences. However, Article 22(4) allows preventive detention only under specific circumstances, and certain safeguards must be followed, such as providing the detenu with the grounds for detention and an opportunity to make a representation against the detention.
  • Article 22(4) further mandates that a person detained under a law providing for preventive detention must be afforded the earliest opportunity to make a representation against the detention. Additionally, the case of every person detained is required to be placed before an advisory board within three months.
  • The UAPA allows for confessions made to police officers to be admissible in court, subject to certain safeguards. However, this provision has been a point of concern concerning Article 22, as confessions obtained under duress or coercion may violate the right against self-incrimination.
  • Article 22(2) ensures the right to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey. This provision aims to prevent prolonged detention without judicial oversight and contributes to the right to a speedy trial.
 
 
For Prelims: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, Article 22, Terrorism
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the key provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and analyze how they may impact fundamental human rights. Elaborate on the balance between national security concerns and the protection of individual rights. (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions

1. Under Article 22 of the Constitution of India, with the exception of certain provisions stated there in, what is the maximum period for detention of a person under preventive detention? (MPSC 2014)

A. 2 months       B. 3 months         C. 4 months           D. 6 months

 

2. Article 22 of the Constitution ensures (CTET 2016)

A. Right not to be ill-treated during arrest or while in custody

B. Right to Constitutional Remedies

C. Right against Exploitation

D. Right to Education

Answers: 1-B, 2-A

Mains

1. Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (UPSC 2019)

Source: The Indian Express

Share to Social
View All Current affairs

More Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 31 AUGUST 2023...

31-Aug-2023
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 30 JUNE 2025...

30-Jun-2025
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 01 SEPTEMBER 2023...

01-Sep-2023
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 08 JANUARY 2025...

09-Jan-2025
Read more