DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 16 JULY 2026

LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL (LAC)

1.Context

Residents of villages along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh told a parliamentary panel visiting the Union Territory that they had lost access to their traditional grazing grounds following the border tensions with China in 2020

Pic credits: TRT WORLD

2.About Line of Actual Control (LAC)

The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the de facto boundary that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. Unlike a formally demarcated international border, it is not clearly marked on the ground or mutually agreed upon in precise terms by both countries. The concept of the LAC emerged after the 1962 India-China war, when hostilities ended without a final settlement of the border dispute.
Stretching for about 3,488 kilometers, the LAC runs through three main sectors: the western sector in Ladakh, the middle sector covering parts of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the eastern sector that spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.
Each side has its own perception of where the LAC lies, which often leads to overlapping claims and occasional standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops. The absence of a mutually recognized border has made this line one of the most sensitive and contested frontiers in the world.
Over the years, both countries have signed various agreements to maintain peace and tranquillity along the LAC, emphasizing restraint and confidence-building measures. However, due to differing interpretations of the line, confrontations and incursions have continued to occur.
The recent clashes, particularly in eastern Ladakh in 2020, highlighted the fragile nature of the arrangement and the pressing need for a clearer understanding between the two sides.
Thus, the LAC represents more than just a boundary; it is a reflection of unresolved historical disputes and ongoing geopolitical tensions. While it serves as the working line that separates the territories under Indian and Chinese control, its ambiguous character keeps it at the center of India-China relations

It is divided into three sectors:

The eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim,

The middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and the western sector in Ladakh

3.The disagreement

The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is along the 1914 McMahon Line, and there are minor disputes about the positions on the ground as per the principle of the high Himalayan watershed
This pertains to India’s international boundary as well, but for certain areas such as Longju and Asaphila
The line in the middle sector is the least controversial but for the precise alignment to be followed in the Barahoti plains.
The major disagreements are in the western sector where the LAC emerged from two letters written by Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai to PM Jawaharlal Nehru in 1959, after he had first mentioned such a ‘line’ in 1956.
In his letter, Zhou said the LAC consisted of “the so-called McMahon Line in the east and the line up to which each side exercises actual control in the west”
After the 1962 War, the Chinese claimed they had withdrawn to 20 km behind the LAC of November 1959
During the Doklam crisis in 2017, the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson urged India to abide by the “1959 LAC”
India rejected the concept of LAC in both 1959 and 1962. Even during the war, Nehru was unequivocal: “There is no sense or meaning in the Chinese offer to withdraw twenty kilometres from what they call ‘line of actual control’

4.India's agreement to LAC

LAC was discussed during Chinese Premier Li Peng’s 1991 visit to India, where PM P V Narasimha Rao and Li reached an understanding to maintain peace and tranquillity at the LAC.
India formally accepted the concept of the LAC when Rao paid a return visit to Beijing in 1993 and the two sides signed the Agreement to Maintain Peace and Tranquillity at the LAC
The reference to the LAC was unqualified to make it clear that it was not referring to the LAC of 1959 or 1962 but to the LAC at the time when the agreement was signed
To reconcile the differences about some areas, the two countries agreed that the Joint Working Group on the border issue would take up the task of clarifying the alignment of the LAC

5. How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?

The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War. It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept – it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
The Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China and the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan are both contested frontiers, but they differ fundamentally in their origin, status, and legal recognition.
The LAC is not an internationally agreed boundary; it is simply the line that separates the territories controlled by India and China after the 1962 war. It came into existence informally as the ground reality of troop positions after hostilities, and while both countries recognize its existence, they do not agree on its precise alignment.
This makes the LAC fluid and ambiguous, often leading to different interpretations and military face-offs. It is essentially a de facto line, with no official international recognition or treaty-based acceptance.
In contrast, the LoC is a formally delineated line that divides the territories of India and Pakistan in Jammu and Kashmir. It originated from the ceasefire line drawn after the first India-Pakistan war of 1947–48, and was given its current name under the 1972 Simla Agreement.
Unlike the LAC, the LoC is demarcated on maps, jointly surveyed, and broadly agreed upon by both sides, even though the underlying sovereignty dispute over Jammu and Kashmir remains unresolved.
The LoC is under constant military monitoring, heavily fortified, and frequently the site of ceasefire violations, but it has legal standing as part of an international agreement.
To put it simply, the LAC is undefined and disputed in interpretation, while the LoC is defined and agreed upon, though still contested in terms of territorial claims. The LAC reflects ambiguity and lack of settlement between India and China, whereas the LoC represents a ceasefire line formally negotiated between India and Pakistan

6. Way Forward

The two leaders met on the sidelines of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit here — this is Modi’s first visit to China in seven years. The two sides agreed on a “fair, reasonable and mutually acceptable resolution” of the border issue, and flagged the importance of a multipolar world, free trade and “role of their two economies to stabilise world trade

For Prelims: LAC, LOC

For Mains:

1.What is this ‘line of control’? Is this the line China have created by aggression. Comment

2.What we know about the clash between Indian and Chinese soldiers in Arunachal Pradesh

Previous Year Questions

1.The Line of Actual Control (LAC) separates (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2020)

A.India and Pakistan

B.India and Afghanistan

C.India and Nepal

D.India and China

Answer (D)

2.LAC (Line of Actual Control) is an effective border between India and ______. (SSC CHSL 2020)

A.Pakistan

B.Bhutan

C.Sri Lanka

D.China

Answer (D)

Source:indianexpress

SIXTH SCHEDULE

1. Context

The Ladakh administration on Monday announced the setting up of Autonomous Hill Development Councils for each of the new districts created in the Ladakh Union Territory.

2.Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Act

The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) Act is a significant legislative framework that governs the administration and governance of the Union Territory of Ladakh in India. Ladakh, located in the northernmost part of India, was previously part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir until August 5, 2019, when Article 370 of the Indian Constitution was abrogated, and the state was reorganized into two separate Union Territories: Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.

The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Act, 1995, plays a crucial role in the administration of the Ladakh region. Here are some key features and provisions of the LAHDC Act:

Establishment of Autonomous Hill Development Council: The Act establishes the LAHDC, a local self-government body, in the Ladakh region. The purpose of this council is to promote socio-economic development, cultural preservation, and the overall well-being of the people of Ladakh.
Composition of the LAHDC: The LAHDC consists of elected members who represent various constituencies within the Union Territory of Ladakh. The council members are elected through a democratic process.
Powers and Functions: The LAHDC is granted specific powers and functions related to local governance, development planning, and management of resources. These powers include making laws on certain subjects, levying taxes, and overseeing local administration and development activities.
Financial Autonomy: The LAHDC has financial autonomy, which means it can generate revenue through local taxes and fees and utilize these resources for local development projects and initiatives.
Executive Committee: The LAHDC has an Executive Committee responsible for the day-to-day administration of the region. The Executive Committee members are elected from among the council members.
Cultural and Environmental Preservation: The LAHDC Act recognizes the unique cultural and environmental significance of the Ladakh region and emphasizes the preservation of Ladakhi culture and traditions.
Special Provisions: The Act may contain special provisions for the socio-economic and cultural advancement of Scheduled Tribes and other marginalized communities in Ladakh.
Governor's Role: The Governor of the Union Territory of Ladakh plays a role in the administration, coordination, and cooperation between the LAHDC and the Union Territory government.
Relations with the Central Government: The LAHDC Act allows for cooperation and coordination between the LAHDC and the central government of India to facilitate development activities and address the specific needs of the region

3.Article 224 of the Indian Constitution

Article 244 of the Indian Constitution provides for the administration of certain tribal areas in India. It empowers the President of India to issue regulations for the peace and good governance of these areas. This article is particularly relevant to the administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas in various states.

Here are the key provisions and details of Article 244:

Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas: Article 244 primarily deals with the administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas within the states of India. These areas are inhabited predominantly by Scheduled Tribes (indigenous tribal communities).
Power of the President: The President of India is authorized by Article 244 to issue regulations that apply to these Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas. These regulations are intended to provide for the peace, good governance, and welfare of the tribal communities living in these areas.
Governors' Role: While the President has the authority to issue regulations, these regulations are typically made after consulting with the Governor of the state. The Governor plays a crucial role in the administration of these areas.
Application of Laws: The regulations issued under Article 244 can specify the manner in which laws passed by the state legislature apply to the Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas. It can also specify the extent to which laws made by the Parliament of India apply to these areas.
Conflict Resolution: Article 244 allows for regulations to be made to resolve conflicts and disputes between different tribal communities within these areas.
Extension to Fifth Schedule Areas: Article 244 extends to the Fifth Schedule areas of India, which are those areas specified in the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. These areas have a higher degree of protection and autonomy for the tribal communities residing there

4. Sixth Schedule of Indian Constitution

The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution pertains to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. It provides special provisions and safeguards for the protection of the rights and interests of the tribal communities living in these regions. The Sixth Schedule is a significant component of India's federal structure and recognizes the distinctive cultural, social, and historical characteristics of these tribal areas. Here are some key features and provisions of the Sixth Schedule:

Areas Covered: The Sixth Schedule covers specific tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. These areas are known as "Scheduled Areas" and are inhabited by various indigenous tribal communities.
Tribal Autonomous District Councils (ADCs): The central feature of the Sixth Schedule is the creation of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) within these tribal areas. These ADCs have significant powers and responsibilities for local governance, including legislation on matters such as land, forests, and local customs and traditions. Each state has its own ADCs, known by different names, such as the "Autonomous District Council" in Assam and "District Council" in Meghalaya.
Composition of ADCs: The ADCs have a defined number of seats reserved for tribal members, and they also include nominated members. These councils are responsible for formulating and implementing policies related to education, health, and socio-economic development within their areas.
Governor's Role: The Governor of the state is empowered to appoint the District Councils' members, but they must be from the tribal communities. The Governor also has the authority to modify the boundaries of the Scheduled Areas after consulting with the state's legislature.
Protection of Tribal Customs: The Sixth Schedule safeguards the customary laws and practices of the tribal communities in these areas. It ensures that the traditional institutions and customs of these communities are respected and preserved.
Land Rights: The Sixth Schedule provides a degree of protection to tribal land rights, making it more difficult for non-tribal individuals or entities to acquire land in the Scheduled Areas.
Exclusion and Inclusion of Areas: The Sixth Schedule allows for the inclusion or exclusion of areas from the Scheduled Areas through a formal process, which typically involves consultation with the tribal communities affected.
Amendment: The Sixth Schedule can be amended by the Parliament of India. Any changes or amendments must be approved by a two-thirds majority.

For Prelims: Fifth Schedule, Sixth Schedule, Autonomous distric council

For Mains: 1.Explain the significance of the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution in the context of tribal governance. How does it protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes?

2.Discuss the provisions and objectives of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. How does it impact the governance of tribal areas in the Northeastern states?

Previous Year Questions

1.What is/ are true in relation to Autonomous Districts (CGPSC 2021)

1. Each Autonomous District Council has 30 members

2.24 members of the Autonomous District Council are elected via voting and rest 6 are nominated by Governor

3.Rights to direct the Acts passed by the Parliament of India is Autonomous. Districts of Assam lie with Governor

A.1 , 2 and 3

B. 1 and 3

C. 1 and 2

D. 1 Only

Answer (B)

2. Based on the Sixth Schedule of Indian Constitution, with respect to the tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram (DSSSB PRT General Section Officer 2019)

Which of the following can the Governor of a State do?

1. Can create a new autonomous district

2. The area of atonomous district can be increased

A. 1 Only

B. 2 Only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer (C)

Source: indianexpress

WORLD INEQUALITY REPORT (WIR)

1. Context

For reducing global wealth inequality, policies to tackle gender wealth inequality are as essential as policies to tackle household wealth inequality

2. Key takeaways of World Inequality Report 2026

Severe Concentration of Wealth: Nearly 75% of the world’s wealth is held by the richest 10%, while the poorest 50% possess just about 2%. An ultra-elite group comprising roughly 60,000 individuals (the top 0.001%) owns wealth that is three times greater than that of half the global population combined. Their share of global wealth rose from around 4% in 1995 to more than 6% by 2025.
Inequality in Human Capital Investment: Public and private spending on education shows stark disparities. Average expenditure per child in Sub-Saharan Africa is approximately €220 (PPP), compared with €7,430 in Europe and €9,020 in North America and Oceania—over forty times higher.
Climate-Related Inequality: The richest 10% are responsible for about 77% of emissions linked to private capital ownership, whereas the bottom half contributes only 3%. Paradoxically, populations in low-income countries—who emit the least—face the greatest climate risks, while high emitters are better equipped with financial and technological means to adapt.
Gender-Based Disparities: On average, women work around 53 hours per week compared to 43 hours for men when unpaid domestic and care work is included. In terms of earnings, women receive about 61% of men’s hourly wages when only paid work is considered; once unpaid labor is accounted for, their effective income drops to just 32%.
Regional Income Gaps: Average daily income stands at roughly €125 in North America and Oceania, but only about €10 in Sub-Saharan Africa—reflecting a thirteen-fold difference. The income ratio between the top 10% and the bottom 50% further highlights deep inequalities within countries.
Global Financial System Imbalances: Each year, poorer countries experience a net outflow of financial resources amounting to around 1% of global GDP—three times the volume of total development assistance—largely due to capital flows toward US and European government bonds

3. World Inequality Report and India

Income Disparities: A significant share of national income—about 58%—is accrued by the top 10% of earners, whereas the bottom half of the population accounts for only around 15%.
Concentration of Wealth: Nearly two-thirds of the country’s total wealth is owned by the richest 10%. Within this group, the top 1% alone controls roughly 40% of overall wealth.
Low Female Workforce Participation: Women’s participation in the labor market stands at just 15.7%, placing it among the lowest rates globally.
Overall Economic Well-being: The average per capita income is close to €6,200 annually (PPP-adjusted), while mean household wealth is estimated at about €28,000 (PPP)

4. What is the World Inequality Report (WIR)?

The World Inequality Report (WIR) is a flagship global publication that provides a comprehensive assessment of income and wealth inequality across countries and regions over time.

Key points about the World Inequality Report (WIR):

Produced by: The World Inequality Lab, led by renowned economists such as Thomas Piketty, Lucas Chancel, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman.
Frequency: Published periodically (major editions in 2018, 2022, 2024, etc.).
Data Source: Based on the World Inequality Database (WID), which compiles tax records, national accounts, household surveys, and wealth data.
Coverage: Tracks inequality trends within countries and between countries, covering income, wealth, gender gaps, carbon inequality, and regional disparities.

5. What are the Key Policy Recommendations Made in World Inequality Report 2026?

6.India’s Policy Measures to Address Inequality

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): Provides wage employment and income security to rural households.
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP): Encourages self-employment and entrepreneurship, particularly among youth and marginalized groups.
Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM): Focuses on enhancing livelihoods and skill development for the urban poor.
Samagra Shiksha 2.0: Aims to strengthen access, equity, and quality across all levels of school education.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Promotes financial inclusion by ensuring universal access to banking services.
Lakhpati Didi Initiative: Seeks to empower women economically by supporting sustainable income generation at the household level

7. Way Forward

The World Inequality Report 2026 underscores a deeply interlinked challenge spanning economic, environmental, and social inequalities. The evidence suggests that inequality is shaped by policy decisions rather than inevitability. At the same time, the report’s comprehensive policy recommendations, along with ongoing national initiatives, outline a practical and achievable roadmap for creating fairer, more inclusive, and resilient societies

For Prelims: MGNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), World Inequality Report (WIR)

For Mains: General Studies-II: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes

Previous Year Questions

1.Inclusive growth as enunciated in the Eleventh Five Year Plan does not include one of the following: (UPSC CSE 2010)

(a) Reduction of poverty

(b) Extension of employment opportunities

(d) Reduction of gender inequality

Answer (c)

Mains

1. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (2020)

Source: Indianexpress

PRAMBANAN TEMPLE

1. Context

Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during his official visit to Indonesia, visited the 9th-century Prambanan Temple Complex in Yogyakarta along with Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto. The two leaders inaugurated a joint conservation initiative for the UNESCO World Heritage Site, which will be undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

2. Prambanan Temple: An Architectural Jewel of Southeast Asia

The Prambanan Temple is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia and one of the finest examples of Hindu architecture in Southeast Asia.
Located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta on the island of Java, the temple stands as a remarkable reminder of the spread of Indian culture, religion, art and architecture beyond the Indian subcontinent through peaceful trade, cultural exchanges and maritime interactions.
Built during the ninth century CE, Prambanan represents the golden age of the Hindu Mataram Kingdom.
The temple complex was constructed primarily under the patronage of the Sanjaya Dynasty, whose rulers were devoted followers of Hinduism, particularly Shaivism.
Although Indonesia is today the world's largest Muslim-majority country, Prambanan serves as an enduring symbol of the country's rich multicultural and religious history.
The temple complex was designed as a grand sacred city consisting of nearly 240 temples, making it one of the largest temple complexes ever constructed in Southeast Asia.
At the centre of the complex rises the majestic temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, surrounded by temples dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Lord Brahma, collectively representing the Hindu Trimurti.
This arrangement reflects the Hindu philosophical understanding of creation, preservation and destruction as complementary cosmic functions.

3. Historical Background of Prambanan Temple

The construction of Prambanan began around 850 CE during the reign of King Rakai Pikatan of the Sanjaya Dynasty. The temple symbolised the political resurgence of Hindu rule in Central Java after a period of Buddhist dominance under the Sailendra rulers.
By constructing such a monumental temple complex, the Sanjaya kings sought to establish both their political legitimacy and religious devotion.
However, Prambanan's prosperity did not last indefinitely. During the tenth century, political power gradually shifted from Central Java to East Java, leading to the abandonment of the temple complex.
Frequent volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and the passage of time caused significant structural damage, and much of the temple remained buried beneath volcanic debris for centuries.
The temple was rediscovered during the nineteenth century under Dutch colonial administration, after which systematic archaeological restoration began. Even today, restoration work continues due to the enormous scale of the complex and the recurring seismic activity affecting the region

4. UNESCO World Heritage Status

Recognising its exceptional historical, artistic and architectural significance, UNESCO inscribed the Prambanan Temple Complex as a World Heritage Site in 1991.
The temple represents one of humanity's greatest architectural achievements and serves as an outstanding example of Hindu religious architecture outside the Indian subcontinent.
UNESCO recognised the monument for its monumental scale, remarkable stone carvings, sophisticated urban planning and its testimony to the cultural interactions between South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Despite centuries of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Prambanan continues to preserve much of its original grandeur and remains one of Indonesia's most visited cultural landmarks.
The recent conservation initiative led jointly by Indonesia and India's Archaeological Survey of India further strengthens global efforts to preserve this invaluable cultural treasure for future generations.

5. Architectural Style of Prambanan Temple

The Prambanan Temple represents the finest expression of Classical Central Javanese Hindu architecture. While strongly inspired by Indian religious ideas and temple planning principles, its architecture evolved into a distinctly Indonesian style adapted to local geography, construction techniques and artistic traditions.
The temple complex follows the Mandala concept, an important principle in Hindu cosmology that symbolises the universe.
The temples are arranged in concentric square courtyards, with the holiest shrines occupying the innermost section.
This spatial arrangement reflects the Hindu belief in moving progressively from the material world towards spiritual enlightenment.
One of the most striking features of Prambanan is its soaring vertical towers. Unlike many Indian temples, whose towers often appear broader or pyramidal, Prambanan's towers are remarkably slender and rise sharply into the sky.
These towering structures symbolise Mount Meru, the mythical mountain believed in Hindu cosmology to be the abode of the gods.
The tallest temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, rises approximately 47 metres above the ground, making it the dominant feature of the entire complex.
Surrounding the three principal temples are smaller shrines dedicated to the divine vehicles of the Hindu gods—Nandi for Shiva, Garuda for Vishnu and Hamsa for Brahma

6. Architectural Features of the Temple

Prambanan demonstrates extraordinary engineering skills and artistic excellence. The temples were constructed using locally available volcanic andesite stone, carefully cut and assembled without the extensive use of mortar.
The precision of stone fitting reflects the advanced engineering capabilities of the builders.
The walls of the temples are adorned with intricate relief sculptures depicting episodes from the Ramayana and other Hindu scriptures.
These carvings narrate the adventures of Lord Rama, Sita, Hanuman and Ravana with remarkable artistic detail.
Interestingly, although the stories originate in India, many of the figures are portrayed with local Javanese artistic characteristics, illustrating how Indian religious narratives were creatively adapted into Southeast Asian culture.
The temple also features elaborate carvings of celestial beings, floral motifs, mythical creatures and divine guardians, all of which contribute to its rich decorative programme.

7. The Sanjaya Dynasty

The Sanjaya Dynasty played a crucial role in shaping the religious and cultural history of ancient Java. Emerging during the eighth century CE, the dynasty established the Hindu Mataram Kingdom and became one of the most influential ruling houses in Southeast Asia.
The rulers of the Sanjaya Dynasty were ardent followers of Hinduism, especially Shaivism, and actively patronised the construction of monumental temples. Their reign witnessed the flourishing of Sanskrit language, Hindu philosophy, literature, sculpture and temple architecture.
One remarkable aspect of the Sanjaya period was the peaceful coexistence of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms.
Although the Sanjaya rulers promoted Hinduism, they maintained cordial relations with the neighbouring Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty, which was responsible for constructing the famous Borobudur Temple.
This coexistence reflects the religious tolerance that characterised much of ancient Southeast Asian civilisation.
The construction of Prambanan became the greatest architectural achievement of the Sanjaya rulers and continues to stand as a symbol of their cultural and political legacy.

8. Prambanan and India's Civilisational Links with Indonesia

The significance of Prambanan extends far beyond its architectural beauty. The temple embodies centuries of cultural interaction between India and Southeast Asia.
From the early centuries of the Common Era, Indian traders, scholars, priests and artisans travelled across the Bay of Bengal, carrying with them religious ideas, Sanskrit literature, artistic traditions and systems of governance.
These influences were gradually assimilated by local societies without military conquest or political domination.
The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism contributed to the emergence of Indianised kingdoms across Southeast Asia, including those in present-day Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam.
The Ramayana and Mahabharata became deeply embedded in local traditions, while Sanskrit vocabulary entered regional languages. Even today, Indonesian culture retains numerous references to these ancient civilisational connections.
The joint conservation project led by the Archaeological Survey of India therefore carries symbolic significance beyond heritage preservation.
It represents India's commitment to strengthening cultural diplomacy under its Act East Policy and reaffirms the shared historical legacy between India and Indonesia.
Such initiatives also enhance cooperation in archaeology, tourism, education and cultural exchanges while reinforcing India's image as a responsible stakeholder in preserving global heritage

9. Way Forward

The Prambanan Temple is much more than an ancient Hindu monument; it is a living testament to the enduring civilisational dialogue between India and Southeast Asia. Its magnificent architecture, historical significance and artistic excellence illustrate how Indian religious and cultural traditions travelled across the seas and were creatively adapted by local societies. At the same time, the temple highlights the importance of cultural exchange, religious tolerance and shared heritage in shaping the history of Asia.

For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.

For Mains: General Studies I: Art& Culture

General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

Source: Indianexpress

GREAT HORNBILL

1. Context

More than 60 years after the Indian Grey Hornbill disappeared from Gujarat’s Gir forests, the species has recorded four consecutive years of successful breeding following its reintroduction, according to a scientific study published in the international peer-reviewed journal Birds.

2. Malamuzhakki Vezhambal (Great Hornbill)

The Malamuzhakki Vezhambal, or the Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), is one of the most iconic and majestic birds found in the forests of the Western Ghats, including the lush landscapes of Kerala.
Its name in Malayalam, Malamuzhakki Vezhambal, translates to "the hornbill that echoes through the mountains," a poetic reference to the loud, resonant call it makes, which often carries far through the dense forest canopy.
This bird is easily recognizable by its large size, striking black and white plumage, and, most notably, its massive yellow and black casque—a hollow structure that sits atop its long, curved bill. The casque’s function is still debated among ornithologists, but it is believed to be used for amplification of calls and possibly as a display during mating rituals or territorial displays.
The Great Hornbill holds great ecological significance as well as cultural reverence. It plays a crucial role in seed dispersal, particularly of large fruiting trees like figs, thus helping maintain the health and regeneration of tropical forests. The bird is mainly frugivorous, feeding on a variety of fruits, although it occasionally supplements its diet with small mammals, reptiles, or insects.
One of the most fascinating aspects of the Great Hornbill is its unique breeding behavior. During nesting, the female seals herself inside a tree cavity using a mixture of mud, fruit pulp, and droppings, leaving only a narrow slit through which the male passes food.
She remains inside for weeks—sometimes up to four months—while she incubates the eggs and raises the chicks. This nesting period highlights the deep partnership and dependency between the male and female during reproduction.
In traditional folklore and local culture, the Vezhambal is often seen as a symbol of grandeur, longevity, and mystery. Sadly, the species is facing increasing threats from habitat loss due to deforestation and fragmentation, along with hunting in some regions for its casque and feathers. It is currently listed as "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List

3. Great Indian Hornbill IUCN Status

The Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), also known as the Great Hornbill, is currently classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Reasons for Vulnerable Status:

Habitat Loss: Large-scale deforestation and fragmentation of tropical forests, especially in the Western Ghats and Northeast India, have significantly reduced its natural habitat.
Hunting and Poaching: In some regions, the bird is hunted for its casque (helmet-like structure on its bill) and feathers, which are used in traditional ornaments and rituals.
Low Reproductive Rate: Their unique nesting behavior—one breeding pair requiring a large tree cavity and a long incubation period—makes population recovery slow

4. India's Cultural Significance

The Indian Hornbill, especially the Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), holds deep cultural and spiritual significance across many parts of India, particularly in tribal and forest-dwelling communities. Beyond its ecological importance, this majestic bird has long been woven into the folklore, rituals, and traditional beliefs of several Indigenous groups.
In the Northeastern states, such as Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Manipur, the hornbill is revered as a symbol of valour, strength, and prosperity. Among the Naga tribes, the bird's feathers and casques are traditionally worn by warriors and chiefs during festivals and ceremonies to denote bravery and high status.
The Hornbill Festival, celebrated annually in Nagaland, is a vibrant cultural event named after the bird. The festival brings together various tribes to showcase their heritage through music, dance, crafts, and storytelling, with the hornbill serving as a symbolic unifier of diverse Naga cultures.
In Kerala, the Great Hornbill is known as "Malamuzhakki Vezhambal", which poetically means “the hornbill that echoes through the mountains.” In local folklore, the bird is often associated with the pristine, ancient forests of the Western Ghats.
It is admired not only for its grandeur and striking appearance but also for its mysterious presence deep within forest canopies. The hornbill’s booming call, which resonates through the hills, adds to its mythical aura.
The bird's devoted parenting behaviour—especially the female sealing herself inside a tree cavity during nesting and the male tirelessly feeding her and the chicks—has often been interpreted as a powerful symbol of loyalty, sacrifice, and protection. In some tribal myths, this act is seen as a lesson in family unity and trust.
Despite this admiration, the hornbill’s parts were once used in traditional ornaments, ceremonial headgear, or ritual objects, which unfortunately led to hunting in the past.
However, many communities have now moved towards symbolic representations, using wood, cloth, or painted replicas instead of real hornbill parts—reflecting a growing awareness about conservation and respect for wildlife.
In recent years, the hornbill has also become a flagship species in conservation campaigns. Its cultural importance is being leveraged to promote forest protection and environmental education.
By tapping into traditional reverence for the hornbill, conservationists are working hand in hand with local communities to ensure that this magnificent bird continues to thrive in both the forests and the folklore of India.
In essence, the Indian Hornbill is not just a bird—it is a cultural icon, a storyteller of the forest, and a bridge between tradition and conservation

5. Types of Hornbills Species in India

S. No.	Common Name	Scientific Name	Key Identifying Features (for quick visual ID)	Distribution in India	Conservation Status (IUCN)	Image
1.	Great Hornbill	Buceros bicornis	Very large, prominent yellow and black casque, white tail.	Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Himalayan foothills, NE India	Vulnerable
2.	Malabar Pied Hornbill	Anthracoceros coronatus	Medium-sized, black and white plumage, large yellow casque with black markings.	Western Ghats, parts of Central India (MP, Odisha)	Near Threatened
3.	Oriental Pied Hornbill	Anthracoceros albirostris	Medium-sized, black and white, smaller casque than Malabar Pied, mostly white underparts.	Northeast India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands	Least Concern
4.	Indian Grey Hornbill	Ocyceros birostris	Medium-sized, entirely grey plumage, small, dark casque.	Widespread across Indian subcontinent (except NE & high alt.)	Least Concern
5.	Malabar Grey Hornbill	Ocyceros griseus	Medium-sized, grey plumage, yellowish bill, no prominent casque, rufous vent.	Endemic to Western Ghats	Least Concern
6.	Narcondam Hornbill	Rhyticeros narcondami	Smallest Indian hornbill, dark plumage, casque with unique shape, found only on Narcondam Island.	Endemic to Narcondam Island (Andaman & Nicobar Islands)	Vulnerable
7.	Rufous-necked Hornbill	Aceros nipalensis	Large, male with rufous neck & head; female black; prominent, ridged casque.	Northeast India (Himalayan foothills)	Vulnerable
8.	Wreathed Hornbill	Rhyticeros undulatus	Large, male with yellow gular pouch, female blue; distinctive 'wreathed' casque.	Northeast India	Vulnerable
9.	Austen's Brown Hornbill	Anorrhinus austeni	Medium-sized, overall brown plumage, smaller casque, often seen in groups.	Northeast India	Near Threatened

For Prelims: Hornbill Festival, Great Hornbill, Kuki-Zoo

For Mains: GS III - Environment and ecology

Previous Year Questions

1.In which of the following regions of India are you most likely to come across the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat? (2016)

(a) Sand deserts of northwest India

(b) Higher Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir

(d) Western Ghats

Answer (d)

Source: The Hindu

RETAIL INFLATION

1. Context

India’s retail inflation has crossed the Reserve Bank of India’s 4% target for the first time since January 2025, touching 4.4% in June, an 18-month-high. It stood at 3.93% in May.

2. What is Inflation?

It is the rise in prices of goods and services within a particular economy wherein consumers' purchasing power decreases, and the value of the cash holdings erodes.
In India, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) measures inflation.
Some causes that lead to inflation are demand increases, reduction in supply, demand-supply gap, excess circulation of money, increase in input costs, devaluation of the currency, and rise in wages, among others.

3. Retail Inflation

Consumers often directly buy from retailers. So, the inflation experienced at retail reflects the actual price rise in the country. It also shows the cost of living better. In India, the index that reflects the inflation rate at the retail level is known as Consumer Price Index (CPI). Unlike WPI, CPI includes both goods and services. CPI is used to calculate the Dearness Allowance (DA) for government employees.

4. How Inflation is measured?

In India, inflation is primarily measured by two main indices- WPI (Wholesale Price Index) and CPI (Consumer Price Index), Which measures Wholesale and retail-level price changes, respectively.
The CPI calculates the difference in the price of commodities and services such as food, medical care, education, electronics, etc, which Indian consumers buy for use.
On the other hand, the goods or services sold by businesses to smaller businesses for selling further are captured by the WPI.
Both WPI (Wholesale Price Index) and CPI (Consumer Price Index) are used to measure inflation in India.

5. What is the Inflation Target?

Under Section 45ZA, in consultation with the RBI Act, the Central Government determines the inflation target in terms of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), once in five years and notifies it in the Official Gazette.
Accordingly, on August 5, 2016, the Central Government notified in the Official Gazette 4 percent Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation as the target for the period from August 5, 2016, to March 31, 2021, with the upper tolerance limit of 6 percent and the lower tolerance limit of 2 percent.
On March 31, 2021, the Central Government retained the inflation target and the tolerance band for the next 5-year period-April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2026.
Section 45ZB of the RBI Act provides for the constitution of a six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to determine the policy rate required to achieve the inflation target.

6. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

The MPC is a statutory and institutionalized framework under the RBI Act, of 1934, for maintaining price stability, keeping in mind the objective of growth. It was created in 2016.
It was created to bring transparency and accountability in deciding monetary policy.
MPC determines the policy interest rate required to achieve the inflation target.
The committee comprises six members and Governor RBI acts as an ex-officio chairman. Three members are from RBI and three are selected by the government. The inflation target is to be set once every five years. It is set by the Government of India, in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India.
The current inflation target is pegged at 4% with -2/+2 tolerance till March 31, 2021.

7. What Caused the drop in Inflation?

Retail Inflation or price gains based on the Consumer Price Index, slowed to 6.77 % last month, from September's 7.41%, aided by an appreciable deceleration in food price inflation.
The year-on-year inflation based on the Consumer Food Price Index eased by almost 160 basis points in October, to 7.01%, from the preceding month's 8.60%, helped by a 'decline in prices of vegetables, fruits, pulses and oils, and fats', the Government said.
With the food and beverages sub-index representing almost 46% of the CPI's weight, the slowdown in food price gains understandably steered overall inflation lower even as price gains in three other essential categories, namely clothing, and footwear, housing, and health remained either little changed from September or quickened.
Inflation at the Wholesale Prices Level also continued to decelerate, with the headline reading easing into single digits for the first time in 19 months. A favorable base effect along with a distinct cooling in international prices of commodities including crude oil and steel amid gathering uncertainty in advanced economies was largely instrumental in tempering wholesale price gains.

8. Recent Measures by the Government

To soften the prices of edible oils and pulses, tariffs on imported items have been rationalized from time to time. The stock limits on edible oils are also maintained, to avoid hoarding.

The Government has taken trade-related measures on wheat and rice to keep domestic supplies steady and curb the rise in prices.

The impact of these measures is expected to be felt more significantly in the coming months.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Inflation, MPC, CPI, WPI, food Inflation, RBI, Headline inflation, Core inflation

For Mains:

1. Explain the concept of inflation and its impact on an economy. Discuss the various causes of inflation and the measures that can be taken to control it, with specific reference to India. (250 Words)

2. What are the challenges and opportunities associated with managing inflation in India? Evaluate the effectiveness of recent policy measures in addressing inflationary pressures and maintaining price stability. Suggest strategies for sustainable economic growth while managing inflation risks. (250 Words)

Previous Year Questions

1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)

1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.

2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.

3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

2. Concerning the Indian economy, consider the following: (UPSC 2015)

Bank rate
Open Market Operations
Public debt
Public revenue

Which of the above is/are component(s) of Monetary Policy?

(a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 3 and 4

3. An increase in Bank Rate generally indicates: (UPSC 2013)

(a) Market rate of interest is likely to fall.

(b) Central bank is no longer making loans to commercial banks.

(d) Central bank is following a tight money policy.

4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017)

1. It decides the RBI's benchmark interest rates.

2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.

3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only

5. Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.

Policymakers and media have placed the blame for skyrocketing food prices on a variety of factors, including high fuel prices, bad weather in key food producing countries, and the diversion of land to non-food production. Increased emphasis, however, has been placed on a surge in demand for food from the most populous emerging economics. It seems highly probable that mass consumption in these countries could be well poised to create a food crisis.

With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: (UPSC 2021)

1. Oil producing countries are one of the reasons for high food prices.

2. If there is a food crisis in the world in the near future, it will be in the emerging economies. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?

A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2

6. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)

1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.

2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.

3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

7. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)

A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only

B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation

C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation

D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation

8. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)

1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017

2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

Answers: 1-C, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A, 5-D, 6-B, 6-C, 7-B

Source: The Hindu

KEN-BETWA RIVER LINKING PROJECT

1. Context

Residents of several villages, mostly tribals, who are allegedly being impacted by the Ken-Betwa river linking project, have resumed their agitation in Chhatarpur district after talks with officials failed to reach a consensus.

2. About Ken-Betwa Link Project

It is the first project under the National Perspective Plan for the interlinking of rivers.
It envisages transferring water from the Ken river to the Betwa river, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
The Ken-Betwa Link Canal will be 221 km long, including a 2 km long tunnel.
The project has two phases with mainly four components.
Phase-I will involve one of the components Daudhan Dam complex and is subsidiary units such as Low-Level Tunnel, High-Level Tunnel, Ken-Betwa Link Canal, and powerhouses.
Phase II will involve three components Lower Orr Dam, Bina Complex Project, and Kotha Barrage.

According to the Jal Shakti Ministry, the project is expected to provide annual irrigation of 10.62 lakh hectares, supply drinking water to about 62 lakh people, and generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.

As per an official statement issued after the Cabinet approval on Wednesday, the total cost of the Ken-Betwa link project has been assessed at Rs.44,605 crores at 2020-21 price levels.
The Union Cabinet has approved central support of Rs.39,317 crores for the project, covering a grant of Rs.36,290 crores and a loan of Rs.3,027 crores.
The statement further said that the project is proposed to be implemented in 8 years with “state-of-the-art technology.

3. Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)

A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for the project is called Ken-Betwa Link Project Authority (KBLPA) will be set up to implement the project.
The Centre has set in motion the process of creating the National Interlinking of Rivers Authority (NIRA) is an independent autonomous body for planning, investigation, financing, and implementation of the interlinking of river (ILR) projects in the country.
The NIRA will have the power to set up SPV for individual link projects.

Ken-Betwa project agreement

On March 22, 2021, a memorandum of agreement was signed between the Ministry of Jal Shakti and the governments of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh to implement the Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP).

4. Conceptualiztion of the project

The idea of linking Ken with Betwa got a major push in August 2005, when a tripartite memorandum of understanding for the preparation of a detailed project report (DPR) was signed between the Centre and the two states.
In 2008, the Centre declared KBLP a National Project. Later, it was included as part of the Prime Minister’s package for the development of the drought-prone Bundelkhand region.
In April 2009, it was decided that the DPR will be prepared in two phases.
In 2018, a comprehensive DPR including phase-I, II, and additional areas proposed by Madhya Pradesh was also prepared.
It was sent to Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and the Central Water Commission in October 2018.
The memorandum of agreement was signed to implement the project.

5. Benefits from Project

The project lies in Bundelkhand, a drought-prone region, which spreads across 13 districts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

According to the Jal Shakti Ministry, the project will be of immense benefit to the water-starved region, especially the districts of Panna, Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Sagar, Damoh, Datia, Vidisha, Shivpuri and Raisen of Madhya Pradesh, and Banda, Mahoba, Jhansi and Lalitpur of Uttar Pradesh.

It will pave the way for more interlinking of river projects to ensure that scarcity of water does not become an inhibitor for development in the country.

Image source: The Indian Express

6. The Panna Tiger Reserve

According to the National Water Development Agency under the Jal Shakti Ministry, the Daudhan dam, to be built on the Ken river, will be 77 meters high and its gross capacity will be 2,853 million cubic meters.
According to the NWDA, the reservoir of Daudhan dam will involve “a submergence of 9000 ha area, out of which 5803 ha comes under Panna Tiger Reserve.
The latter includes 4141 ha of forest area which is about 7.6% of the total Panna Tiger Reserve area”.
To mitigate adverse impacts on Panna Tiger Reserve, as decided by NTCA,
Landscape Management Plan to decide mitigation strategy concerning KenBetwa Link entrusted to Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, and is in its final stage.
In addition to above three wildlife sanctuaries, viz Nauradehi, Rani Durgawati of MP and Ranipur WLF of UP are planned to be integrated with PTR for the proper conservation of Wild Life under Tiger Reserve.

7. The concept of river linking in India

In the past, several river-linking projects have been taken up.
For instance, the Periyar Project, under which the transfer of water from the Periyar basin to the Vaigai basin was envisaged, was commissioned in 1895.
Other projects such as Parambikulam Aliyar, Kurnool Cudappah Canal, Telugu Ganga Project, and Ravi-Beas-Sutlej too were undertaken.
In the 1970s, the idea of transferring surplus water from a river to a water-deficit area was mooted by the then Union Irrigation Minister Dr. K L Rao.
Himself an engineer, he suggested the construction of a National Water Grid for transferring water from water-rich areas to water-deficit areas.
Later, Captain Dinshaw J Dastoor proposed a Garland Canal to redistribute the water from one area to another.
However, the government did not pursue these two ideas further.
It was not until August 1980 that the Ministry of Irrigation prepared a National Perspective Plan for water resources development envisaging interbasin water transfer.
The NPP comprised two components: Himalayan Rivers Development; and Peninsular Rivers Development. Based on the NPP, the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) identified 30 river links 16 under the Peninsular component and 14 under the Himalayan Component.
Later, the river-linking idea was revived during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee regime.
The Ken-Betwa Link Project is one of the 16 projects under the peninsular component.

8. Clearances for a river-linking project

Various types of clearances are required, such as techno-economic clearance (given by the Central Water Commission);

Forest clearance, and environmental clearance (Ministry of Environment & Forests);
Resettlement and rehabilitation plan of tribal population (Ministry of Tribal Affairs) and
Wildlife clearance (Central Empowered Committee).

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: river-linking projects, Ken-Betwa Link Project, Himalayan Rivers Development; and Peninsular Rivers Development, National Water Development Agency, Jal Shakti Ministry, The Panna Tiger Reserve, NitiAayog. Yamuna river, Ken-Betwa Link Project Authority (KBLPA),

For Mains:

1. Discuss the significance and hurdles of the Ken-Betwa River Link Project (250 Words)

2. What is River linking and discuss the significance of the River linking system in India (250 Words)

Source: PIB and The Indian Express

NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (NIA)

1. Context

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) on Monday filed charges against Hafiz Saeed, chief and founder of the Pakistan-based terrorist organisation Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and its proxy The Resistance Front (TRF), in the Pahalgam terror attack case.

2. About National Investigation Agency (NIA)

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is a federal counter-terrorism law enforcement agency in India.
It was established in 2008 after the Mumbai terror attack the same year.
The NIA is empowered to deal with the investigation of terror-related crimes across states without special permission from the states under written proclamation from the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The primary mandate of the National Investigation Agency is to investigate and prosecute offences that have national and cross-border implications, specifically focusing on terrorism, insurgency, and other related matters.
The NIA is headquartered in New Delhi and has 12 regional offices across the country.
It is headed by a Director General of Police (DGP) rank officer.
The NIA has a team of highly trained and experienced officers who are experts in counter-terrorism investigations.
The NIA has been successful in investigating and prosecuting several high-profile terrorism cases, including the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the 2012 Pune bombing, the 2013 Hyderabad blasts, and the 2014 Pathankot attack.
The NIA has also played a key role in disrupting terrorist networks and preventing terrorist attacks.
It has arrested several senior terrorist operatives and seized a large quantity of arms and ammunition.

3. The Changes Made under the NIA (Amendment) Act 2019

The National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Act, 2019, brought significant changes and enhancements to the powers and jurisdiction of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in India. The amendments aimed to strengthen the agency's ability to combat terrorism and other transnational crimes effectively.

The key changes made under the NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019

The amendment expanded the jurisdiction of the NIA. Previously, the agency could investigate cases related to terrorism and certain other offences listed in the NIA Act.
The Act adds new offences to the list of scheduled offences that can be investigated by the NIA. These include

Cyber terrorism under Section 66-F of the Information Technology Act, 2000
Human trafficking under Section 370 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
Counterfeiting of currency or bank notes under Sections 489C and 489E of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
Manufacture or sale of prohibited arms or ammunition under Sections 25 and 26 of the Arms Act, 1959
Offenses under the Explosive Substances Act, 1908

This extension of jurisdiction gives the NIA greater reach and authority in handling cases with international ramifications.
The amendment allowed for the establishment of special courts for the trial of NIA cases.
These courts are designated to expedite the trial process and ensure that cases are heard and disposed of more quickly, particularly in terrorism-related cases.
The NIA (Amendment) Act introduced provisions for the protection of witnesses.
It empowers the NIA to request the central government to issue orders for the protection of witnesses.
Ensuring the safety of witnesses is crucial for the successful prosecution of cases, especially in terrorism-related trials.
The amended law allows the NIA to seize and attach properties that are believed to be the proceeds of terrorism or used for terrorism-related activities.
This provision is essential in disrupting the financial networks of terrorist organizations.
The NIA can now request the central government to seek extradition of individuals involved in terrorism and other offences under the NIA Act.
This provision facilitates the extradition of accused persons from foreign countries to face trial in India.
The central government has the authority to designate session courts as NIA Special Courts.
These courts are responsible for the trial of NIA cases and follow the procedures outlined in the NIA Act.
The NIA Act includes a schedule listing offences that fall under its jurisdiction.
The amendment allows for offences in this schedule to be amended by the central government through notification.
This flexibility allows for the inclusion of new offences based on emerging threats and challenges.
The NIA (Amendment) Act includes provisions to enhance transparency and accountability in the agency's functioning.
It mandates the submission of an annual report on its activities to the central government, which is then laid before both houses of Parliament.

4. The Way Forward

The NIA is a vital component of India's counter-terrorism architecture. By taking the necessary steps to improve the NIA's functioning, the government can make the agency more effective in combating terrorism and protecting the country from terrorist threats.

For Prelims: National Investigation Agency, Terrorism, NIA Act,2008, NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019, the Ministry of Home Affairs, Information Technology Act, 2000, Indian Penal Code, Arms Act 1959, Explosive Substances Act, 1908,

For Mains:

1. "The NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019, introduced provisions for the confiscation of property believed to be connected to terrorism." Analyze the significance of this provision in curbing the financial networks of terrorist organizations and its alignment with international counter-terrorism efforts. (250 Words)

Previous Year Questions

1. The Stiglitz Commission established by the President of the United Nations General Assembly was in the international news. The commission was supposed to deal with: (UPSC CSE 2010)

(a) The challenges posed by the impending global climate change and prepare a road map
(b) The workings of the global financial systems and to explore ways and means to secure a more sustainable global order
(c) Global terrorism and prepare a global action plan for the mitigation of terrorism
(d) Expansion of the United Nations Security Council in the present global scenario

Answer: B

2. Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (UPPSC 2020)

List – I List – II

A. Indian Arm Act 1. 1876

B. Royal Title Act 2. 1878

C. Indian High Court Act 3. 1869

D. Indian Divorce Act 4. 1861

A. (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 1, (D) 4

B. (A) 3, (B) 1, (C) 2, (D) 4

C. (A) 1, (B) 2, (C) 3, (D) 4

D. (A) 2, (B) 1, (C) 4, (D) 3

Answer: D

3. Which one of the following is NOT correctly matched? (UPPSC RO/ARO 2020)

A. Prevention of Sedition Meetings Act - 1908

B. Explosive Substances Act - 1908

C. Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act - 1908

D. Newspaper (Incentive to Offence) Act - 1908

Answer: A

Source: indianexpress

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Current Affair

LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL (LAC)

SIXTH SCHEDULE

WORLD INEQUALITY REPORT (WIR)

Key points about the World Inequality Report (WIR):

PRAMBANAN TEMPLE

GREAT HORNBILL

Reasons for Vulnerable Status:

RETAIL INFLATION

1. Context

2. What is Inflation?

3. Retail Inflation

4. How Inflation is measured?

5. What is the Inflation Target?

6. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

7. What Caused the drop in Inflation?

8. Recent Measures by the Government

For Prelims & Mains

KEN-BETWA RIVER LINKING PROJECT

1. Context

2. About Ken-Betwa Link Project

3. Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)

Ken-Betwa project agreement

4. Conceptualiztion of the project

5. Benefits from Project

7. The concept of river linking in India

8. Clearances for a river-linking project

For Prelims & Mains

NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (NIA)

1. Context

2. About National Investigation Agency (NIA)

3. The Changes Made under the NIA (Amendment) Act 2019

4. The Way Forward

More Current Affairs