2. About Long Period Average (LPA)

• The IMD predicts a “normal”, “below normal”, or “above normal” monsoon in relation to a benchmark “long period average” (LPA)
• According to the IMD, the “LPA of rainfall is the rainfall recorded over a particular region for a given interval (like month or season) average over a long period like 30 years, 50 years, etc”
• The IMD’s prediction of a normal monsoon on Thursday was based on the LPA of the 1971-2020 period, during which India received 87 cm of rain for the entire country on average
• The IMD has in the past calculated the LPA at 88 cm for the 1961-2010 period, and at 89 cm for the period 1951-2000
• While this quantitative benchmark refers to the average rainfall recorded from June to September for the entire country, the amount of rain that falls every year varies from region to region and from month to month
• Therefore, along with the countrywide figure, the IMD also maintains LPAs for every meteorological region of the country  this number ranges from around 61 cm for the drier Northwest India to more than 143 cm for the wetter East and Northeast India
• LPA of the southwest monsoon rainfall over Kerala: 556 mm, 659 mm, 427 mm and 252 mm for the months of June, July, August, and September respectively
• Broken down monthwise for the entire country, the LPA figures for the season are 16.36 cm for June, 28.92 cm for July, 26.13 cm for August, and 17.34 cm for September

3. Need of LPA

• The IMD records rainfall data at more than 2,400 locations and 3,500 rain-gauge stations
• Because annual rainfall can vary greatly not just from region to region and from month to month, but also from year to year within a particular region or month, an LPA is needed to smooth out trends so that a reasonably accurate prediction can be made
• A 50-year LPA covers for large variations in either direction caused by freak years of unusually high or low rainfall (as a result of events such as El Nino or La Nina)
• As well as for the periodic drought years and the increasingly common extreme weather events caused by climate change

4.IMD Calculations

Quantitatively, the monsoon seasonal (June to September) rainfall is likely to be 99% of the LPA with a model error of ± 5%. The LPA of the season rainfall over the country as a whole for the period 1971-2020 is 87 cm

The IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:

• Normal or near normal, when the percentage departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA
• Below normal, when departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA
• Above normal, when actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA
• Deficient, when departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA
• Excess, when the departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA

• The beginnings of meteorology in India can be traced to ancient times. Early philosophical writings of the 3000 B.C. era, such as the Upanishadas, contain serious discussion about the processes of cloud formation and rain and the seasonal cycles caused by the movement of earth round the sun
• Varahamihira's classical work, the Brihatsamhita, written around 500 A.D., provides a clear evidence that a deep knowledge of atmospheric processes existed even in those times
• It was understood that rains come from the sun (Adityat Jayate Vrishti) and that good rainfall in the rainy season was the key to bountiful agriculture and food for the people
• Kautilya's Arthashastra contains records of scientific measurements of rainfall and its application to the country's revenue and relief work. Kalidasa in his epic, 'Meghdoot', written around the seventh century, even mentions the date of onset of the monsoon over central India and traces the path of the monsoon clouds
• Meteorology, as we perceive it now, may be said to have had its firm scientific foundation in the 17th century after the invention of the thermometer and the barometer and the formulation of laws governing the behaviour of atmospheric gases
• It was in 1636 that Halley, a British scientist, published his treatise on the Indian summer monsoon, which he attributed to a seasonal reversal of winds due to the differential heating of the Asian land mass and the Indian Ocean
• India is fortunate to have some of the oldest meteorological observatories of the world. The British East India Company established several such stations, for example, those at Calcutta in 1785 and Madras (now Chennai) in 1796 for studying the weather and climate of India
• The Asiatic Society of Bengal founded in 1784 at Calcutta, and in 1804 at Bombay (now Mumbai), promoted scientific studies in meteorology in India
• A disastrous tropical cyclone struck Calcutta in 1864 and this was followed by failures of the monsoon rains in 1866 and 1871
• In the year 1875, the Government of India established the India Meteorological Department, bringing all meteorological work in the country under a central authority
• The first Director General of Observatories was Sir John Eliot who was appointed in May 1889 at Calcutta headquarters
• The headquarters of IMD were later shifted to Shimla, then to Poona (now Pune) and finally to New Delhi
• From a modest beginning in 1875, IMD has progressively expanded its infrastructure for meteorological observations, communications, forecasting and weather services and it has achieved a parallel scientific growth
• IMD has always used contemporary technology. In the telegraph age, it made extensive use of weather telegrams for collecting observational data and sending warnings
• Later IMD became the first organisation in India to have a message-switching computer for supporting its global data exchange.
• One of the first few electronic computers introduced in the country was provided to IMD for scientific applications in meteorology
• India was the first developing country in the world to have its own geostationary satellite, INSAT, for continuous weather monitoring of this part of the globe and particularly for cyclone warning
• IMD has continuously ventured into new areas of application and service and steadily built upon its infrastructure in its history of 140 years
• It has simultaneously nurtured the growth of meteorology and atmospheric science in India. Today, meteorology in India is poised at the threshold of an exciting future

 

ARCTIC COUNCIL

1. Context

The Parliamentary committee on External Affairs in its report has recommended that India should appoint a Polar Ambassador and urged the government to seek “full-fledged membership” of the Arctic council so that India can engage in its activities more effectively.

2. What is happening in the Arctic?

The Arctic is warming at twice the global average rate, due to climate change. This is causing several changes in the region, including:

• Sea ice is melting rapidly, opening up new shipping routes and making it easier to access oil and gas resources.
• Permafrost is thawing, releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and destabilizing infrastructure.
• Sea levels are rising, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems.
• Plant and animal life is being disrupted, as species are forced to migrate to new areas in search of cooler temperatures.

3. How India can help in protecting Arctic?

India has been inducted into the Arctic Council as an observer state, giving it a greater say in managing the Arctic region's activities and resources. This is a significant diplomatic achievement for India, which has been working to get observer status for several years. India's membership also reflects its growing scientific expertise in polar research, and it has committed to contributing its expertise to the Arctic Council's work. India can play a role in protecting the Arctic in several ways, including:

• India has a strong scientific research program in the Arctic and can share its findings with the Arctic Council to help inform decision-making.
• India can promote sustainable development practices in the Arctic, such as by investing in renewable energy and energy efficiency.
• India can help to raise awareness of the importance of the Arctic and the challenges it faces.
•  India can work with other countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the Arctic.

4. What is the Arctic Council?

The Arctic Council is an intergovernmental forum that promotes cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic states, Arctic indigenous communities and other interested parties on common Arctic issues, to advance sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic. The eight member states of the Arctic Council are Canada, Denmark (Greenland and Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States. 

 

5. What do the Arctic Council do?

The Arctic Council works on a wide range of issues related to the Arctic, including:

• Climate change and environmental protection
• Sustainable development
• Economic and social issues
• Education and research
• Culture and languages

6. Conclusion

India's induction into the Arctic Council is a positive development for both India and the Arctic region. It will help to promote cooperation between Arctic and non-Arctic states and ensure that the region is managed sustainably.

For Prelims: Arctic Council, India, Climate Change, G20 Summit, Sustainable development For Mains:  1. Critically examine the challenges and opportunities for India in the Arctic region. (250 words) 2. Assess the role of the Arctic Council in promoting sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic. (250 words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. Consider the following countries: (UPSC 2014)  1. Denmark 2. Japan 3. Russian Federation 4. United Kingdom 5. United States of America Which of the above are the members of the 'Arctic Council'? A. 1, 2 and 3         B. 2, 3 and 4         C. 1, 4 and 5            D. 1, 3 and 5   Answer: D   2. Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substance? (UPSC CSE 2015) A.Bretton woods conference B. Montreal Protocol C. Kyoto Protocol D. Nagoya Protocol Answer: B   3. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (UPSC 2020) A. Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey B. Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand C. Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam D. Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea Answer: A   4. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016) 1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017 2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. 3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 and 3 only     B.  2 only        C. 2 and 3 only        D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: B   5. A new type of El Nino called El Nino Modoki appeared in the news. In this context, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)  1. Normal El Nino forms in the Central Pacific ocean whereas El Nino Modoki forms in the Eastern Pacific ocean. 2. Normal El Nino results in diminished hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean but El Nino Modoki results in a greater number of hurricanes with greater frequency. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  A. 1 only       B. 2 only        C. Both 1 and 2             D. Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: B     6. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (UPSC 2011)  1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. 2. El Nino has an adverse effect on the south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on the monsoon climate. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  A. 1 only        B. 2 only         C. Both 1 and 2           D. Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: D   7. Consider the following statements:  (MPSC 2017) a. La Nina is a little girl. b. During the time of La Nina cold water in the ocean rises to the surface. c. La Nina strengthens the Indian monsoon. d. During the time of El Nino, trade winds weaken, and warm water moves east in the ocean. Which of the above statements is/are correct?  A. Only a and b          B. a, b and c         C. Only b and c           D. All of the above   Answer: D   8. With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2020) 1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March. 2. OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean. Select the correct answer using the code given below:  A. 1 only        B. 2 only              C. Both 1 and 2            D. Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: B   9. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017) 1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. 2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an EI Nino's impact on the monsoon. Select the correct answer using the code given below:   A. 1 only    B. 2 only          C. Both 1 and 2           D. Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: B   10. "EL Nino" refers to a temperature anomaly in the ________ ocean. (NTPC 2017) A. Indian            B. Pacific        C. Southern             D. Atlantic   Answer: B   11. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020) 1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment. 2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account. 3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits. 4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. Only 1 and 2 B. Only 2, 3 and 4 C. Only 1, 2 and 3 D. Only 1, 2 and 4   Answer: D   12. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate -Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021) 1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research program. 2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural (CGIAR) headquartered in France. 3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centers. Which of the statements given above is correct? (a) 1 and 2 only                (b) 2 and 3 only              (c) 1 and 3 only                      (d) 1, 2 and 3   Answer: D   13. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012) 1. The duration of the monsoon decreases from southern India to northern India. 2. The amount of annual rainfall in the northern plains of India decreases from east to west. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only          B. 2 only           C. Both 1 and 2          D.  Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: C   14. With reference to the "G20 Common Framework", consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 1. It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. 2. It is an initiative to support Low Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  A. 1 only           B. 2 only         C.  Both 1 and 2          D. Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: C   15. Consider the following statements 1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome 2. Sustainable Development goals has to be achieved by the year 2030 Which of the statements given above is/ are correct A. 1 Only            B. 2 Only                   C. Both 1 and 2                 D. Neither 1 Nor 2   Answer: B

 

Source: The Indian Express

 

 

CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONER

 

 

1. Context

 

Questioning the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) by a three-member committee comprising the Prime Minister, a Union Minister and the Leader of Opposition, the Supreme Court on Thursday asked “should there be no show of fairness” in the procedure

 

 

2. Who appoints Chief Election Commissioner of India?

 

 

• The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India is appointed by the President of India under Article 324(2) of the Constitution of India. Article 324 vests the superintendence, direction, and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President in the Election Commission of India.
• While the Constitution provides that the Chief Election Commissioner and the other Election Commissioners shall be appointed by the President, it also states that Parliament may enact a law prescribing the manner of their appointment.
• For several decades after the Constitution came into force, there was no specific parliamentary law governing the appointment process. During this period, the President appointed the Chief Election Commissioner on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.
• To establish a statutory framework, Parliament enacted the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, which came into effect on 2 February 2024.
• Under this Act, the President continues to be the appointing authority, but the appointment is made based on the recommendation of a Selection Committee.
• The committee is chaired by the Prime Minister and includes the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest opposition party if there is no recognised Leader of the Opposition) and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
• The committee considers eligible candidates and recommends one name to the President, who then formally appoints the Chief Election Commissioner.
• The constitutional design ensures that although the President makes the formal appointment, the process is carried out within a legal framework established by Parliament.
• This arrangement seeks to maintain transparency and institutional continuity while preserving the independence of the Election Commission, which is entrusted with conducting free and fair elections in the country.
• The Chief Election Commissioner enjoys significant constitutional safeguards to ensure independence from executive influence.
• The CEC holds office for six years or until attaining the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• Moreover, the Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from office only through the same procedure and on the same grounds as a judge of the Supreme Court, making the office one of the most secure constitutional positions in India.
• These safeguards enable the Election Commission to function impartially and uphold the integrity of India's democratic electoral process

 

 

3. How the Chief Election Commissioner appointed earlier?

 

 

• Before the enactment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, there was no specific law enacted by Parliament prescribing the procedure for appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC).
• Although Article 324(2) of the Constitution stated that the Chief Election Commissioner and the other Election Commissioners would be appointed by the President of India, it also provided that the appointment would be made subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament.
• Since no such law existed for more than seven decades, the appointments were made through the executive process.
• In practice, the President appointed the Chief Election Commissioner on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, in accordance with the constitutional principle that the President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers under Article 74 of the Constitution.
• Typically, the Ministry of Law and Justice initiated the process by identifying eligible candidates, generally from among senior civil servants or serving Election Commissioners.
• The proposal was examined within the government and, after approval by the Prime Minister and the Union Cabinet, it was forwarded to the President for formal appointment.
• This executive-driven process continued from the establishment of the Election Commission in 1950 until 2024.
• Since there was no statutory selection committee or legally prescribed consultation mechanism, the appointments were effectively made by the Union Government through executive decision-making.
• Over the years, concerns were raised that such a system gave the executive significant influence over the appointment of the country's top election officials.
• In March 2023, the Supreme Court, while deciding Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India, observed that Parliament had not enacted the law contemplated under Article 324(2).
• To safeguard the independence of the Election Commission until such a law was enacted, the Court directed that appointments to the posts of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners should be made by the President on the recommendation of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest opposition party), and the Chief Justice of India.
• This arrangement was explicitly described as an interim measure that would remain in force until Parliament enacted a law.
• Subsequently, Parliament passed the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, which came into force on 2 February 2024.
• The Act replaced the Supreme Court's interim mechanism with a statutory Selection Committee consisting of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
• The President continues to be the constitutional appointing authority, but appointments are now made in accordance with the procedure prescribed by this law.

 

 

4. How other Election Commissioners are appointed?

 

 

• The other Election Commissioners (ECs) of the Election Commission of India are appointed by the President of India under Article 324(2) of the Constitution of India. The Constitution does not distinguish between the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and the other Election Commissioners.
• It provides that the President shall appoint the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners as may be determined from time to time, subject to any law made by Parliament.
• For many decades after the Constitution came into force, there was no specific law governing the appointment process.
• Consequently, the President appointed the Election Commissioners on the aid and advice of the Union Council of Ministers, following the executive procedure.
• The Ministry of Law and Justice generally initiated the process, identified suitable candidates, and forwarded the proposal through the Prime Minister and the Union Cabinet to the President for formal appointment.
• To provide a statutory framework, Parliament enacted the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, which came into force on 2 February 2024.
• Under this law, the President appoints the Election Commissioners based on the recommendation of a Selection Committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest opposition party if there is no recognised Leader of the Opposition), and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
• Before the Selection Committee makes its recommendation, a Search Committee, headed by the Cabinet Secretary, prepares a panel of eligible candidates for consideration.
• Once the Selection Committee recommends the names, the President formally appoints the Election Commissioners. Like the Chief Election Commissioner, the Election Commissioners hold office for six years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• Although the Chief Election Commissioner and the Election Commissioners enjoy equal powers in decision-making within the Election Commission, there is an important difference in their constitutional protection.
• The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed only through the same process and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court, ensuring a high degree of independence.
• In contrast, an Election Commissioner can be removed by the President only on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. This safeguard is intended to protect Election Commissioners from arbitrary removal while preserving the institutional independence of the Election Commission

 

5. Election Commission of India- Powers and Functions

 

 

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an independent constitutional body established under Article 324 of the Constitution of India.
• It is entrusted with the superintendence, direction, and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and the Vice-President of India.
• Its primary objective is to ensure that elections in India are conducted in a free, fair, transparent, and credible manner, thereby safeguarding the democratic process.
• One of the Election Commission's most important functions is the preparation, revision, and maintenance of electoral rolls.
• It ensures that every eligible citizen who has attained the age of eighteen years is given the opportunity to register as a voter, while removing duplicate, deceased, or ineligible entries. Accurate electoral rolls are the foundation of free and fair elections, and the Commission regularly updates them before every election.
• The Commission is responsible for conducting elections at the national and state levels. It announces election schedules, issues notifications, oversees the nomination process, scrutinises nomination papers, allots election symbols, arranges polling stations, deploys polling personnel, supervises voting through Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) systems, and declares election results.
• Through these responsibilities, it ensures that elections are conducted efficiently, peacefully, and in accordance with the law.

• Another significant function of the Election Commission is the enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC). Once elections are announced, the MCC comes into force and lays down guidelines for political parties, candidates, ministers, and governments regarding election campaigns, public announcements, transfers of officials, and the use of government resources.
• Although the Model Code of Conduct is not a statutory law, the Commission effectively enforces it to ensure a level playing field and prevent the misuse of official machinery during elections.
• The Election Commission also registers political parties under the provisions of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and grants recognition to them as National or State Parties based on their electoral performance.
• It also allocates and reserves election symbols for recognised political parties and allots free symbols to registered unrecognised parties and independent candidates. The election symbol system is particularly important in India because it enables voters, including those with limited literacy, to identify candidates easily.
• The Commission exercises quasi-judicial powers in matters relating to political parties and elections.
• It adjudicates disputes concerning the recognition of political parties, decides claims regarding rival factions seeking the same party symbol, and advises the President or the Governors on the disqualification of Members of Parliament or Members of State Legislatures under the Constitution and the Representation of the People Act, wherever such advice is constitutionally required

 

 

For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.   For Mains: General Studies II: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies

 

 

 

Previous Year Questions   Prelims   1) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE, 2017) 1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body. 2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. 3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 only Answer (d) 2) With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following? (UPSC CSE, 2019) (a) The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law. (b) The Supreme Court of India is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws made by the Parliament. (c) In the event of a grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare a Financial Emergency without the counsel from the Cabinet. (d) State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of the Union Legislature. Answer (b)

 

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

 

 

INDIA SEMICONDUCTOR MISSION 2.0

 

 

1. Context

 

The Union Cabinet recently approved the second iteration of India’s ambitious Semiconductor Mission, with an outlay of Rs Rs 1.27 lakh crore. The fresh scheme will carry a key focus on subsidising the supply chain around chip manufacturing to attract companies producing commodities like gases, and chemicals used in the production process. The duration of the scheme is six years.

 

 

2. India Semiconductor Mission 2.0

 

 

• Under India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0, the government has expanded the range of incentives while reducing its financial contribution for well-established segments of the semiconductor ecosystem. It has also revamped the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme to encourage greater participation from large corporations and private investors.
• According to S. Krishnan, Secretary of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), these changes are intended to strengthen private-sector investment and enhance the industry's long-term sustainability.
• In comparison with the original India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), the second phase introduces a revised incentive framework with lower government support for manufacturing projects. Under the earlier scheme, semiconductor fabrication units and assembly facilities were eligible for a uniform capital expenditure (capex) subsidy of 50%.
• Under ISM 2.0, the subsidy structure has been differentiated according to the type of facility. Silicon fabrication plants are eligible for a 40% government subsidy, while other fabrication units can receive 35% support.
• Likewise, advanced semiconductor packaging projects qualify for a 35% incentive, whereas conventional packaging facilities are eligible for 25% assistance. In addition to manufacturing incentives, the new mission also provides financial support for research and development (R&D) and skill and talent development to strengthen India's semiconductor ecosystem.
• During the initial phase of the India Semiconductor Mission, the government's primary emphasis was on establishing core semiconductor manufacturing infrastructure.
• This included support for a semiconductor fabrication facility being developed by the Tata Group, along with assembly, testing, marking, and packaging (ATMP) units by companies such as Micron Technology, Tata Group, CG Power, and Kaynes Semicon, among others, laying the foundation for India's domestic semiconductor manufacturing capabilities

 

3. Why is India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0 Significant for India?

 

 

• The launch of India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0 represents a major strategic initiative aimed at integrating India more deeply into the global semiconductor value chain.
• By strengthening domestic chip manufacturing and packaging capabilities, the mission seeks to increase value addition within India's rapidly growing electronics industry while reducing dependence on foreign suppliers.
• Semiconductors have emerged as one of the world's most strategically important technologies, powering products ranging from household appliances and smartphones to advanced defence systems and aerospace equipment.
• In an era marked by supply chain disruptions and geopolitical competition, securing semiconductor capabilities has become a national priority for many countries, including India.
• According to Ashok Chandak, President of the India Electronics and Semiconductor Association (IESA), the next phase of the mission is designed to transform India from merely participating in the semiconductor industry to becoming a key structural player in the global ecosystem.
• The country's vision now extends beyond chip fabrication to developing strengths in semiconductor design, electronic design automation (EDA) tools, materials, manufacturing equipment, and other upstream components that are essential for technological self-reliance and sustained global competitiveness.
• India has set ambitious long-term goals for its semiconductor sector. By 2029, the country aims to acquire the capability to design and manufacture semiconductor chips that can meet nearly 70–75% of domestic demand.
• Looking further ahead, by 2035, India aspires to establish itself among the world's leading semiconductor nations, supported by a robust manufacturing ecosystem, advanced research capabilities, and a highly skilled workforce.

 

 

4. How is India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0 Different from ISM 1.0?

 

 

• Introduced in 2021, the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 1.0 was designed as a government-led programme to establish a comprehensive semiconductor ecosystem covering chip fabrication, assembly, testing, packaging, semiconductor design, and display manufacturing. Since its launch, the initiative has attracted cumulative investment commitments of nearly ₹1.64 lakh crore.
• As part of ISM 1.0, the Central Government approved 12 semiconductor projects, including Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP/OSAT) facilities by companies such as Micron Technology, along with a semiconductor fabrication plant being developed by Tata Electronics in collaboration with Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC).
• Several projects sanctioned under the first phase have already become operational. Manufacturing facilities established by Micron Technology, Kaynes Semicon, and CG Semi have commenced commercial production, while the Tata semiconductor fabrication unit is still under construction. Chips manufactured at these facilities are also being supplied to international markets through exports.
• While ISM 1.0 primarily concentrated on building semiconductor manufacturing infrastructure, the government subsequently recognised the need to strengthen the broader semiconductor ecosystem and review the existing incentive structure, including the 50% project-cost subsidy available for chip packaging units.
• Reflecting this broader vision, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, in the Union Budget 2026–27, announced India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0, with an expanded focus on semiconductor equipment, materials, indigenous intellectual property (IP), and resilient supply chains.
• Unlike its predecessor, ISM 2.0 extends government support well beyond fabrication facilities. The revised mission includes incentives for semiconductor manufacturing equipment, specialty materials, chemicals, design software and tools, research and development (R&D), workforce development, and supply-chain resilience.
• This represents a transition from a manufacturing-centric model to a holistic value-chain approach covering every stage of the semiconductor ecosystem.
• Another major feature of ISM 2.0 is the government's willingness to provide not only financial grants but also equity participation in eligible large enterprises and start-ups operating in strategic areas such as semiconductor design and advanced technologies.
• The level of government support will be determined partly by a company's capacity to attract private investment and mobilise additional capital.
• Enterprises investing in the production of semiconductor manufacturing equipment, specialty chemicals, and industrial gases essential for chip fabrication can receive Central Government incentives of up to 30% of the total project cost under the new mission.
• To encourage technological innovation, ISM 2.0 provides substantial support for research and development activities. Eligible R&D projects focused on advanced semiconductor technologies may receive financial assistance covering up to 75% of project costs, through combined contributions from the Central and State Governments.
• Comparable incentives have also been proposed for initiatives aimed at developing a highly skilled semiconductor workforce.
• The Research-Linked Incentive (RLI) component of ISM 2.0 places special emphasis on developing 7-nanometre semiconductor technology, reflecting India's aspiration to move into advanced chip manufacturing.
• In contrast, the semiconductor fabrication plant currently being built by Tata Electronics is expected to manufacture 28-nanometre chips, which continue to have strong commercial demand across industries but are considered a mature technology rather than the latest generation of semiconductor manufacturing.

 

 

5. Global Semiconductor Supply Chain – A Highly Concentrated Ecosystem

 

 

• The global semiconductor industry is characterised by a highly concentrated supply chain, with a limited number of countries and companies controlling critical stages of chip production.
• Taiwan and South Korea together contribute nearly 80% of the world's advanced semiconductor foundry capacity. In addition, ASML, headquartered in the Netherlands, is the only company that manufactures Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines, the indispensable equipment required to produce the most sophisticated semiconductor chips.
• The semiconductor manufacturing process depends on a complex network of specialised raw materials and components sourced from countries such as Japan, Germany, the United States, and China.
• Essential inputs include silicon wafers, specialty gases, and high-purity chemicals. At the design stage, Arm, a UK-based semiconductor architecture company in which Nvidia holds a stake, supplies processor architectures that power a vast range of electronic devices, including smartphones, personal computers, and gaming systems.
• As a result, the global semiconductor industry functions as an interconnected and highly specialised ecosystem with substantial technological, financial, and intellectual property barriers to entry.
• The global market for semiconductor chip design is largely dominated by leading United States-based companies, including Nvidia, Qualcomm, and AMD. Among these firms, Nvidia has established itself as the market leader in high-performance Graphics Processing Units (GPUs).
• While initially recognised for its dominance in the gaming industry, the company has expanded its influence into areas such as cryptocurrency mining, data centres, high-performance computing, and artificial intelligence (AI), making it one of the most significant players in the global semiconductor ecosystem.

 

 

6. Why Does the Semiconductor Supply Chain Matter?

 

 

• The semiconductor supply chain has become a strategic asset because semiconductor chips serve as the foundation of modern technology. They are indispensable for a wide range of applications, including smartphones, artificial intelligence (AI), electric vehicles (EVs), medical equipment, satellites, telecommunications networks, industrial automation, and advanced defence systems.
• A significant share of global advanced semiconductor manufacturing is concentrated in Taiwan, making the international supply chain highly vulnerable to disruptions. Any escalation of geopolitical tensions, particularly across the Taiwan Strait, could interrupt chip production and trigger widespread shortages, affecting industries and economies worldwide.
• The semiconductor ecosystem is increasingly viewed as a pillar of economic and technological security. Consequently, many countries are investing heavily in developing domestic semiconductor manufacturing, design, and supply-chain capabilities to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers, improve self-sufficiency, and build resilient supply networks against future disruptions.
• The global race for semiconductor leadership has intensified as advanced chip technologies become central to innovation and national power.
• A country's ability to develop and control cutting-edge semiconductor technologies is now closely associated with its competitiveness in artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, advanced manufacturing, next-generation communications, and national defence, making semiconductors a key driver of economic growth and strategic influence

 

 

For Prelims: Semiconductor, Transistors, Fabrication Technology   For Mains:  1. Discuss the recent global chip shortage and its implications for India's semiconductor industry. What steps has India taken to enhance its domestic chip manufacturing capabilities? (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions   1. Which of the following fabrication techniques is ideally suited for digital ICs? (KVS TGT WET 2017)   A. Monolithic        B. Thin film      C. Hybrid              D. Thin film and hybrid   Answer: A

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

 

WHITE RABBIT TECHNOLOGY

 

 

 

1. Context

 

Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Prahlad Joshi launched Indian Standard Time (IST)- Distribution Dissemination Network based on white rabbit technology at the Regional Reference Standards Laboratory (RRSL) in Bengaluru recently

 

 

 

2. What is the IST Dissemination Demonstration Network?

 

 

• The IST Dissemination Demonstration Network is built on White Rabbit technology, an open-source Ethernet-based networking system originally developed at CERN. It was designed to synchronize thousands of electronic devices with extremely high precision for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), enabling accurate time-stamping of data and precise coordination of particle beam operations.
• This technology achieves nanosecond-level time synchronization by constantly measuring and correcting signal transmission delays over optical fiber networks. As a result, all connected devices remain perfectly synchronized, even when distributed across large distances.
• White Rabbit has been incorporated into the Precision Time Protocol (PTP), the internationally recognized clock synchronization standard maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Compared with the older Network Time Protocol (NTP), PTP delivers significantly greater precision and reliability.
• India is deploying an IST dissemination network based on this technology under the "One Nation, One Time" initiative. The objective is to establish a single, standardized Indian Standard Time (IST) for administrative, legal, commercial, technological, and public applications throughout the country.
• The system has been adapted to Indian requirements through collaboration among leading national institutions such as the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), ISRO, BSNL, and SEBI. The Legal Metrology Division of the Department of Consumer Affairs serves as the coordinating agency for the project.
• A highly accurate and secure time distribution network is essential for both strategic and civilian sectors. It supports critical infrastructure, including financial markets, stock exchanges, electricity grids, transportation systems, energy networks, and defence operations, while helping reduce risks such as cyberattacks, financial fraud, communication failures, and disruptions to navigation and grid management.
• Previously, several key sectors depended on timing signals obtained from GPS/GNSS systems, making them susceptible to signal manipulation, spoofing, and cyber threats. In addition, the conventional Network Time Protocol (NTP) operating over standard internet infrastructure is affected by variable network delays, making it less suitable for emerging technologies such as 5G, smart cities, industrial automation, and advanced digital ecosystems.
• Satellite-based timing systems also face security challenges due to accidental interference or deliberate attacks, including signal spoofing and jamming by state or non-state actors. Such vulnerabilities could disrupt India's trade, communication, and defence capabilities.
• Even a delay of a few nanoseconds can have serious consequences for critical systems. It can interrupt IT infrastructure, affect railway and aviation operations, destabilize financial markets, and disrupt other essential services. These concerns have driven the implementation of the IST Dissemination Demonstration Network.
• By establishing an indigenous and secure time distribution infrastructure, India strengthens its digital sovereignty and reduces dependence on external timing sources.
• The initiative is expected to improve the security of digital transactions, enhance transportation, healthcare, education, and public service delivery, ensure accurate billing, minimize cyber fraud, and increase public confidence in digital governance.

 

 

3. How is Indian Standard Time (IST) Determined and Maintained?

 

 

• Indian Standard Time (IST) is established by measuring the longitudinal difference between the Prime Meridian (0° longitude), which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, London, and the 82.5° East longitude, which passes near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. This longitude serves as India's standard reference meridian for timekeeping.
• Longitudes are imaginary lines extending from the North Pole to the South Pole that help identify a location's east-west position on Earth. Also known as meridians, the term originates from the Latin word meridies, meaning "midday" or "noon," because every location along the same longitude experiences solar noon at the same instant.

• Since the Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours, it covers 15 degrees every hour or 1 degree every four minutes. Based on the 82.5° longitudinal difference from the Prime Meridian, Indian Standard Time is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). UTC is the internationally accepted time standard that replaced Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and is maintained using highly accurate atomic clocks.
• Each country synchronizes its official time with UTC through designated national institutions.
• In India, the responsibility lies with the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The laboratory serves as the country's official timekeeping authority and maintains IST using cesium-based atomic clocks, which provide exceptional precision.
• To ensure uniformity across the country, CSIR-NPL continuously disseminates the official Indian Standard Time through telecommunication and satellite-based networks, enabling accurate synchronization for government agencies, industries, financial institutions, communication systems, and other critical infrastructure.

 

 

What is Ethernet? Ethernet is a wired networking technology that enables electronic devices within a Local Area Network (LAN) to communicate through physical cables. It facilitates the exchange of data between devices such as computers, printers, gaming consoles, and servers by transmitting information in the form of small data packets, offering an alternative to wireless communication. Compared with wireless networks, Ethernet offers several important benefits. It provides lower latency, higher data transfer speeds, and greater security while minimizing signal interference caused by walls, electronic appliances, or other physical obstacles. These characteristics make Ethernet a reliable choice for applications that require stable and uninterrupted connectivity. Ethernet plays a vital role in supporting the digital economy and Industry 4.0 by enabling high-speed and dependable communication networks. Telecom service providers such as Jio and Airtel use Ethernet infrastructure to connect mobile base stations with the country's extensive fiber-optic backbone, ensuring efficient data transmission across their networks. The technology has also contributed significantly to India's digital infrastructure. Under the BharatNet programme, the government has expanded broadband connectivity to approximately 3.9 lakh Gram Panchayats, according to the Department of Telecommunications, strengthening internet access in rural areas and promoting digital inclusion.

 

 

 

4. What is White Rabbit Technology?

 

 

• White Rabbit Technology (WRT) is an open-source Ethernet-based networking technology that enables ultra-precise time synchronization and deterministic data transfer across distributed devices.
• It combines the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) with Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) and advanced delay-compensation techniques to achieve synchronization accuracy at the sub-nanosecond level.
• Originally developed by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), White Rabbit was designed to synchronize thousands of electronic devices involved in particle physics experiments with extremely high precision. Today, it is widely used in sectors that require accurate timing and reliable communication.
• White Rabbit Technology synchronizes devices by continuously measuring and correcting the transmission delays that occur when signals travel through optical fiber cables.
• It combines precise clock synchronization with high-speed Ethernet communication, ensuring that every connected device shares the same time reference with sub-nanosecond accuracy

 

 

For Prelims: White Rabbit Technology, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)   For Mains: GS III - Science and Technology

 

 

Previous Year Questions   Q.1 Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023)   a. Australia b. Canada c. Israel   d. Japan  Answer (d)   2. With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements: (2018)   IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.   IRNSS covers the entire India and about 5500 sq. Km beyond its borders.   India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2019.   Which of the statements given above is/are correct?   (a) 1 only    (b) 1 and 2 only    (c) 2 and 3 only   (d) None   Answer (a)

 

 

Source: Indianexpress