Conservation scientists are sounding warning bells over “stealth invader” species that they say are destroying local biodiversity and changing landscapes.

This has in turn posed a chicken-and-egg dilemma for researchers: should they wait to document the effects of all invasive alien species in India and then prepare a conservation plan or should they conduct the exercises in parallel?

Invasive alien species (IAS), also known simply as invasive species, are non-native organisms that, when introduced to a new environment, can cause harm to the native ecosystem, economy, or human health. These species often thrive in their new environment due to the absence of natural predators or competitors, leading to rapid population growth and ecological disruption.

The key points about invasive alien species

Invasive species can be introduced intentionally or accidentally by humans. Intentional introductions often occur for agricultural, horticultural, or ornamental purposes, while accidental introductions can happen through global trade, transport, or tourism.

• Invasive species can outcompete native species for resources such as food, water, and habitat, leading to declines in native populations. They may also alter ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and fire regimes, leading to long-term ecological changes.
• Invasive species can have significant economic impacts by damaging crops, forests, fisheries, and infrastructure. Control and management efforts to mitigate these impacts can be costly and time-consuming.
• Some invasive species can pose direct threats to human health by transmitting diseases or causing allergic reactions. For example, certain invasive plants may produce pollen that triggers allergies in sensitive individuals.
• The rise of global trade and travel has facilitated the spread of invasive species, leading to an increase in their prevalence and distribution worldwide. Climate change may also exacerbate the problem by creating new habitats suitable for invasive species.
• Efforts to manage and control invasive species include prevention, early detection and rapid response, eradication, and long-term control measures. These efforts often require collaboration between government agencies, researchers, conservation organisations, and the public.

Invasive alien species (IAS) can impact native species in various ways, often leading to significant ecological disruption.

The primary ways in which IAS affect native species

•  Invasive species can compete with native species for essential resources such as food, water, space, and sunlight. They may have competitive advantages, such as rapid reproduction rates or lack of natural predators, which allow them to outcompete native species for resources.
•  Invasive species may prey on or consume native species, leading to declines in native populations. For example, invasive predators can decimate native prey populations, while invasive herbivores can overgraze native vegetation, altering habitat structure and reducing food availability for native species.
• Invasive species can modify habitats through activities such as burrowing, nesting, or altering vegetation composition. These habitat alterations can disrupt native species' ability to find suitable nesting sites, forage for food, or carry out other essential behaviours.
• Some invasive species can introduce new diseases or parasites to native populations, which may lack immunity to these pathogens. This can lead to disease outbreaks and population declines in native species. For example, the chytrid fungus, introduced by the global amphibian trade, has caused widespread declines and extinctions among native amphibian species.
• Hybridization between invasive and native species can occur when they come into contact. This can lead to genetic introgression, where genes from the invasive species are incorporated into native populations, potentially altering their genetic diversity and fitness.
• Invasive species can disrupt ecological relationships and food webs by altering species interactions. For example, if an invasive species outcompetes a native species for a shared prey species, it can indirectly impact other species that rely on that prey for food.

4. About the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international treaty aimed at conserving biodiversity, promoting sustainable use of biological resources, and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources. It was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, and entered into force on December 29, 1993. The CBD has three main objectives:

1. The CBD aims to conserve biological diversity, including ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity, through the establishment and management of protected areas, the conservation of threatened species, and the restoration of degraded ecosystems.
2. The CBD promotes the sustainable use of biological resources to meet current and future human needs while ensuring the long-term health and resilience of ecosystems. This includes activities such as sustainable forestry, fisheries management, and sustainable agriculture practices.
3. The CBD seeks to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the utilization of genetic resources, including the sharing of monetary and non-monetary benefits with countries and communities that are the custodians of those resources.

The CBD operates through meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP), which are held regularly to review progress, negotiate agreements, and make decisions on matters related to the implementation of the convention. The COP has adopted several protocols and agreements to further the objectives of the CBD, including the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing.

5. What are invasive species?

Invasive species are organisms that are introduced, either intentionally or unintentionally, into a new environment where they are not native. These introduced species can cause harm to the environment, economy, or even human health.

Here's a breakdown of what makes a species invasive:

• Non-native: They come from a different region and weren't originally part of the local ecosystem.
• Harmful: They cause ecological or economic damage in their new environment. This can include things like outcompeting native species for resources, preying on them, or introducing diseases.

Not all introduced species become invasive. Some introduced species can even be beneficial, like honeybees which are crucial for pollinating crops. However, invasive species become problematic because they lack the natural controls (predators, diseases) they faced in their original habitat. This allows them to reproduce rapidly and disrupt the balance of the new ecosystem.

8. What is IPBES?

The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an independent intergovernmental body established to assess the state of biodiversity, ecosystems, and the contributions they provide to human well-being. IPBES was established in 2012 and is headquartered in Bonn, Germany.

Key functions and objectives of IPBES include

• IPBES conducts regular assessments of the state of biodiversity and ecosystem services at the global, regional, and national levels. These assessments involve synthesizing scientific knowledge from experts around the world and providing policymakers with information to support decision-making.
• IPBES provides policymakers with evidence-based assessments, tools, and policy recommendations to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems. This includes identifying policy options and best practices for addressing the drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.
• IPBES supports capacity-building efforts to enhance the ability of countries and stakeholders to assess, manage, and conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services effectively. This includes providing training, technical support, and guidance on assessment methodologies and tools.
• IPBES facilitates knowledge exchange and collaboration among scientists, policymakers, practitioners, indigenous and local communities, and other stakeholders involved in biodiversity and ecosystem management. This includes organizing workshops, conferences, and other events to share information and best practices.
• IPBES promotes policy-relevant research on biodiversity and ecosystem services to address knowledge gaps and support informed decision-making. This includes identifying research priorities and coordinating research efforts across disciplines and sectors.

IPBES operates through a multistakeholder governance structure involving governments, scientists, indigenous and local communities, non-governmental organisations, and other stakeholders. It conducts its work through a series of plenary sessions, expert groups, and technical support units focused on specific thematic areas and regions.

9. The Way Forward

By taking a proactive and collaborative approach to managing invasive species like chital on Ross Island, it's possible to mitigate their negative impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystems while promoting sustainable conservation practices.

Source: The Indian Express

GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND PROJECT

• The Great Nicobar Island Project is a significant infrastructure development initiative undertaken by the Indian government on Great Nicobar Island, part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. The project aims to transform the island into a strategic and economic hub.
• A deep-draft international container transshipment terminal is planned to be developed at Galathea Bay. This port is expected to serve as a key shipping hub in the region, facilitating trade and reducing dependency on transshipment ports in other countries
• An international airport is proposed to improve connectivity to the island, both for tourism and strategic purposes. This airport will be capable of handling wide-bodied aircraft and will enhance the island's accessibility
• To support the infrastructure and population growth, a gas- and solar-based power plant will be developed. This plant aims to provide a reliable and sustainable energy source for the island's needs
• A modern township with residential, commercial, and recreational facilities is planned to accommodate the increased population and workforce that the project will attract. This township is expected to have state-of-the-art amenities and infrastructure

• Great Nicobar Island is situated near the Malacca Strait, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes. Developing this island will enhance India's strategic presence in the Indian Ocean Region, particularly in terms of maritime security and trade control
• The project aims to boost the local economy by creating job opportunities and attracting investments. Improved infrastructure and connectivity are expected to stimulate tourism and other economic activities on the island
• Enhancing connectivity through the transhipment port and international airport will integrate Great Nicobar Island more closely with the global and regional trade networks, potentially making it a key logistical and commercial hub

• The project has raised concerns about its potential impact on the island's rich biodiversity and ecosystems. Great Nicobar Island is home to unique flora and fauna, including endangered species. Ensuring sustainable development practices and environmental protection measures will be crucial
• There are concerns about the impact on local communities, particularly indigenous tribes such as the Nicobarese and Shompen. Ensuring that their rights and livelihoods are protected is a key consideration for the project
• The project's emphasis on using renewable energy sources like solar power and promoting eco-friendly practices is an effort to mitigate environmental concerns. However, balancing development with conservation will be an ongoing challenge

Great Nicobar   Great Nicobar is the largest of the Nicobar Islands, part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. It is located in the Indian Ocean, near the western entrance of the Malacca Strait, which is a key maritime route for international trade.   Here are some key aspects of Great Nicobar: Great Nicobar is situated at the southern end of the Nicobar Islands, approximately 1,280 kilometers (800 miles) from the Indian mainland The island features diverse landscapes, including dense tropical rainforests, hilly terrain, and coastal areas. Mount Thullier is the highest point on the island, rising to an elevation of about 642 meters (2,106 feet) Great Nicobar is known for its rich biodiversity and is part of the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve. The island hosts unique flora and fauna, including several endemic and endangered species. The Nicobar megapode, Nicobar tree shrew, and saltwater crocodile are some of the notable species found here The island is sparsely populated, with a mix of indigenous tribes and settlers from other parts of India. The Nicobarese and Shompen are the primary indigenous communities on the island The indigenous tribes have distinct cultural practices, languages, and traditions. Efforts are being made to preserve their cultural heritage and ensure their rights and well-being amidst development initiatives Great Nicobar’s strategic location near the Malacca Strait, one of the world's busiest maritime routes, enhances its significance for India's maritime security and trade interests Given its strategic position, the island hosts Indian military installations, which play a crucial role in monitoring and securing the Indian Ocean Region

 

3. Strategic Importance

 

• The Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean region are critically important for India's strategic and security interests, especially as the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy aims to increase its presence in these waters.
• India is concerned about the buildup of Chinese naval forces at key Indo-Pacific chokepoints, particularly Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok. China's efforts to extend its influence in the area include constructing a military facility on the Coco Islands in Myanmar, located just 55 km north of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• Earlier this year, The Indian Express reported significant upgrades to the military infrastructure on the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• This includes modernizing airfields and jetties, creating new logistics and storage facilities, establishing a base for military personnel, and enhancing surveillance capabilities.
• The goal of these upgrades is to support the deployment of more military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile batteries, and troops.
• Maintaining close surveillance over the area surrounding the archipelago and establishing a strong military presence on Great Nicobar is crucial for India's national security

4. Environmental Concerns

• The proposed infrastructure upgrade has faced opposition due to its potential ecological threat to the islands. Wildlife conservation researchers, anthropologists, scholars, civil society members, and the Congress party have raised concerns about the devastating impact on the Shompen, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) of hunter-gatherers, who have an estimated population of a few hundred individuals residing in a tribal reserve on the island.
• Critics claim the project infringes on the rights of the tribal population and will harm the island’s ecology, including the felling of nearly a million trees. There are fears that the port project will damage coral reefs, affecting the local marine ecosystem, and pose a threat to terrestrial species like the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback turtles, which nest in the Galathea Bay area.
• A statement by senior Congress leader and former Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh highlighted that the proposed port is in a seismically active zone, which experienced permanent subsidence of about 15 feet during the 2004 tsunami.
• The statement also accused the local administration of insufficiently consulting the Tribal Council of Great and Little Nicobar Islands as required by law.
• In November 2022, the tribal council withdrew a no-objection certificate it had issued for the diversion of about 160 sq km of forest land, citing inadequate information provided to them.
• In April 2023, the Kolkata Bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) chose not to interfere with the environmental and forest clearances granted to the project. However, the Tribunal ordered the formation of a high-power committee to review the clearances. There is still no clarity on whether the committee, mainly composed of government representatives, has submitted its report

 

 

For Prelims: National Green Tribunal (NGT), Great Nicobar Island, Coastal Regulation Zones, Turtles, Dolphins, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), Mangroves, Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve For Mains: Significance and Issues Related to Great Nicobar Island Project

 

Previous Year Questions 1. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014) (a) Andaman and Nicobar (b) Nicobar and Sumatra (c) Maldives and Lakshadweep (d) Sumatra and Java Answer (a) 2. Which of the following have coral reefs? (2014) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Gulf of Kachchh Gulf of Mannar Sunderbans Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only  (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Answer (a) 3. In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found? (2009) (a) Nilgiri Hills (b) Nicobar Islands (c) Spiti Valley (d) Lakshadweep Islands Answer (b)

 

Source: indianexpress

 

 

QUANTUM TUNNELLING

 

 

 

1. Context

 

Very small particles, on the scale of an atom or smaller, behave in ways that are very different compared to objects we encounter in our everyday lives. The behaviour of small particles, extremely counter-intuitive at times, is described by the laws of quantum mechanics.

 

2. What is Quantum Tunnelling?

 

• Quantum tunnelling is one of those fascinating phenomena in physics that almost feels like it breaks the rules of common sense. To understand it, imagine a tiny particle—like an electron—approaching a barrier, something it doesn’t seem to have enough energy to climb over.
• In our everyday world, if you don’t have enough energy to jump over a wall, you simply bounce back. But in the quantum world, particles don’t behave like little billiard balls; they are also described by waves of probability.
• These probability waves spread out, and some part of the wave can extend into and even beyond the barrier. This means that while most of the time the particle reflects back, there is still a small chance that it will appear on the other side of the barrier without ever having gone “over” it in the classical sense. It’s as if the particle has slipped, or “tunnelled,” through the wall.
• This strange effect arises because quantum mechanics deals with probabilities and wave functions, not definite paths. The barrier doesn’t completely forbid the particle—it just makes the likelihood of passing through very small, depending on the thickness and height of the barrier.
• In the real world, quantum tunnelling is not just theory—it plays a role in many important processes. For example, it allows nuclear fusion to occur in the sun, because protons don’t have enough classical energy to overcome their mutual repulsion, but tunnelling lets them get close enough to fuse. It’s also the principle behind technologies like tunnel diodes and scanning tunnelling microscopes

 

3. Applications of Quantum tunnelling

 

 

• Quantum tunnelling may sound like a purely theoretical quirk of quantum mechanics, but in fact it has very practical and far-reaching applications in science, technology, and even the functioning of the universe itself.
• For instance, the very reason stars like our Sun shine is because of tunnelling. Inside the Sun, hydrogen nuclei (protons) need to get extremely close together to fuse into helium, but their natural electric repulsion makes this almost impossible at the temperatures present.
• Classically, fusion shouldn’t occur. Yet, because of quantum tunnelling, protons can “slip through” their mutual energy barrier, allowing fusion to happen, which in turn produces the sunlight and energy that sustain life on Earth.
• In electronics, tunnelling is deliberately harnessed in devices. Tunnel diodes, for example, use the tunnelling effect to achieve very fast switching speeds and are important in high-frequency applications. Similarly, the flash memory used in USB drives and SSDs relies on electrons tunnelling through insulating barriers to store and erase data.
• Another remarkable use is the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM), which revolutionized nanotechnology. This instrument brings a sharp tip extremely close to a surface, and electrons tunnel between the tip and the surface. By measuring this tunnelling current, scientists can map surfaces at the atomic scale, even “seeing” individual atoms.
• Tunnelling also plays a role in quantum computing and superconductivity. In Josephson junctions, where two superconductors are separated by a thin insulating barrier, pairs of electrons can tunnel across, giving rise to highly sensitive devices like SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices), which can detect extremely faint magnetic fields.
• Even in biology, tunnelling is believed to contribute to enzyme reactions, where tiny particles like protons or electrons tunnel during biochemical processes, making reactions faster than classical chemistry would predict

 

4. Quantum Tunnelling and the Light Speed Threshold

 

 

• Quantum tunnelling and the light speed threshold (the universal speed limit of relativity) seem to be pulling in opposite directions at first glance. Relativity says: no particle carrying information or mass can travel faster than the speed of light in vacuum.
• Quantum tunnelling, on the other hand, sometimes appears to let a particle “get through” a barrier faster than if it had gone over or around it—almost as if it were cheating the speed limit

• When a particle tunnels through a barrier, its wave function (the mathematical object that describes its probability of being somewhere) extends into the barrier. If the barrier is thin enough, there’s a finite chance that the particle will show up on the other side.
• Now, the time it takes for this tunnelling to occur is strange. In some experiments, it looks like particles “emerge” on the other side almost instantly, faster than light could have crossed the same distance.
• But this doesn’t mean the particle literally travels through the barrier at superluminal speed. Instead, tunnelling is a non-classical process where the concept of a well-defined trajectory inside the barrier simply doesn’t apply.
• In fact, most physicists say: the particle doesn’t really “cross” the barrier in the ordinary sense—it’s more accurate to say that the probability of finding it on the other side suddenly becomes nonzero.
• Crucially, no usable information or signal can be transmitted faster than light via tunnelling. This is why relativity is not violated. The appearance of faster-than-light behaviour comes from how we interpret timing in quantum processes, not from actual superluminal motion

 

Quantum tunnelling seems to “shortcut” classical paths, giving the illusion of faster-than-light travel. But it does not transmit information or particles in a way that breaks Einstein’s light-speed barrier. It shows us that the quantum world doesn’t follow the same rules of locality and trajectories that we expect in everyday life

 

 5.National Quantum Mission

 

• The National Quantum Mission (NQM) is an initiative launched by the Government of India in 2023 to advance research and development in quantum science and technology. With a focus on four core areas—Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, Quantum Sensing & Metrology, and Quantum Materials & Devices—the mission seeks to position India as a global leader in quantum innovation.
• The mission is funded with an allocation of ₹6,003.65 crore over a span of eight years (2023-2031) and aims to drive both scientific breakthroughs and industrial applications. A key feature of the mission is the establishment of four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs), each dedicated to one of the key areas, to address specific research objectives and challenges in quantum technologies.
• The NQM is expected to support a range of applications, from secure communication systems to advanced computing, with the potential to transform fields like healthcare, defense, and cryptography

6. Way Forward

 

Quantum tunnelling, while counterintuitive, does not violate the universal light-speed limit set by relativity. The apparent superluminal effect during tunnelling arises because the process is governed by probability waves rather than classical trajectories. A particle does not physically “travel through” the barrier faster than light; instead, quantum mechanics allows for the possibility of it being found on the other side without following a conventional path. Thus, tunnelling highlights the non-classical, probabilistic nature of quantum reality but preserves the deeper principles of causality and relativity. It stands as a reminder that the quantum world operates under rules that often defy intuition, yet remain consistent with the fundamental laws of physics

 

 

 

 

For Prelims: Quantum computing, supercomputers, Qiskit Runtime, IBM, National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications, superconductors,  For Mains:  1. What is Quantum computing? Discuss the need for Quantum Computers in emerging countries like India. (250 Words) 2. What are quantum computers and how are they different from conventional computers? Where does India stand in the race to build quantum computers that can realise their full potential? (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. India's first Supercomputer is  (TSPSC AEE 2015) A. Aditya B. Param Yuva C.  Param D. Vikram-100 Answer: C   2. What is the full form of IBM? (SSC Steno  2017)  A. International Business Machine B. Indian Beta Machine C. Integral Business Machine D. Internal Beta Machine   Answer: A   3. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned? (UPSC 2022)  A. Cloud Services B. Quantum Computing C. Visible Light Communication Technologies D. Wireless Communication Technologies   Answer: B   4. Quantum computing uses  (ACC 124 CGAT  2021) A. Qubit B. Bits C. Bytes D. Qubytes   Answer: A

 

Source: The Hindu

 

 

GYAN BHARATAM MISSION

 

 

 

1. Context

 

Calling Indian manuscripts an “unparalleled civilisational treasure”, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Friday underscored the importance of digitising them to curb “intellectual piracy”. In this context, let’s know about the Gyan Bharatam International Conference and Gyan Bharatam Mission

 

2. Key takeaways

 

• The Ministry of Culture recently hosted the Gyan Bharatam International Conference in New Delhi. The three-day programme brought together nearly 1,100 participants, including experts in conservation, researchers, historians, academics, and keepers of manuscripts.

• This conference also featured the first global meet on manuscript heritage, titled “Reclaiming India’s Knowledge Legacy through Manuscript Heritage.” The event coincided with the 132nd anniversary of Swami Vivekananda’s iconic speech at the Parliament of the World’s Religions in Chicago (1893).

• Emphasising the value of manuscripts, the Prime Minister remarked that these treasures represent the footprints of human progress and document the journey of civilisation through disciplines such as philosophy, science, medicine, metaphysics, art, astronomy, and architecture.

• The conference further witnessed the official launch of the Gyan Bharatam Mission.

 

3. Gyan Bharatam Mission

 

 

• In the Union Budget 2025–26, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a dedicated mission to survey, document, and conserve the country’s vast manuscript heritage.

• Named the ‘Gyan Bharatam Mission’, the initiative aims to cover over one crore manuscripts. While its headquarters will be in New Delhi under the Ministry of Culture, regional centres are planned in every state to ensure effective implementation.

• With an allocation of ₹400 crore, the project envisions building an institution similar to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), but focused specifically on safeguarding and interpreting manuscripts.

• This new mission will replace the National Manuscripts Mission, launched in 2003, which primarily focused on digitisation but made limited progress over the years.

• The Gyan Bharatam Mission aspires to encourage academic innovation, reinforce civilisational confidence, utilise technological advancements, and promote cultural diplomacy, aligning with India’s ambition of emerging as a global intellectual leader

 

 

4. Objectives of Gyan Bharatam Mission

 

 

The mission is envisioned as an integrated framework to rejuvenate India’s manuscript tradition by bringing together conservation, digitisation, academic study, and worldwide accessibility. Its key aims include:

• (i) Identification and Cataloguing: A countrywide network of Manuscript Resource Centres (MRCs) will be created to locate, document, and catalogue ancient manuscripts preserved in institutions and private collections, thereby preparing an authentic national register.
• (ii) Conservation and Preservation: Strengthened Manuscript Conservation Centres (MCCs) will safeguard manuscripts through both preventive and restorative methods.
• (iii) Digitisation and Repository Development: Manuscripts will be digitised using AI-driven Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR), microfilming, and cloud-based metadata systems. These efforts will culminate in a National Digital Repository, accessible to global users.
• (iv) Research, Translation, and Publication: Unpublished or rare manuscripts will be revived through critical editions, facsimile copies, and translations, ensuring availability in multiple languages.
• (v) Training and Capacity Building: Workshops and structured courses will be conducted in transcription, palaeography, conservation, and manuscript studies to develop a skilled pool of professionals.
• (vi) Technological Innovation: The mission also plans to design digital tools such as mobile apps, secure cloud storage, and platforms based on the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) for better manuscript access and management

 

5. Gyan Setu

 

• As part of the Gyan Bharatam Mission, the Ministry of Culture has introduced Gyan-Setu, a National AI Innovation Challenge.

• The programme is designed to encourage young people and innovators to apply technology in the protection of India’s cultural heritage. With a treasure of more than one crore manuscripts covering diverse fields such as philosophy, medicine, governance, and the arts, the initiative seeks to leverage artificial intelligence to make this knowledge more widely accessible and relevant at a global scale.

• By inviting participation from students, researchers, academic institutions, and start-ups, Gyan-Setu frames heritage preservation as a shared national responsibility

 

 

6. Digvijay Divas and Swami Vivekananda

 

 

• Digvijay Divas is commemorated every year on September 11 to honour Swami Vivekananda’s iconic address at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago (1893). The occasion serves as a reminder to revisit his timeless ideas for reimagining India’s role in a conflict-driven world.

• His Chicago speech was more than an appeal for tolerance and mutual respect; it significantly shaped India’s national consciousness, politics, education, and global outlook.

• Opening with the memorable words “Sisters and Brothers of America”, Vivekananda, in his first address at the Parliament, put forward his vision of a universal religion, affirming the truth of all faiths. The central themes of his oration were tolerance and universal acceptance.

• Following the Chicago address and three subsequent years of lectures abroad, Vivekananda came to be celebrated as a pioneer of India’s spiritual resurgence. His emphasis on spiritual unity provided critical inspiration to the early discourse on spiritual nationalism within India’s freedom movement.

• As one of the earliest advocates of spiritual nationalism, he infused the people with pride in India’s ancient civilisation while promoting the idea of spiritual oneness.

• Championing the philosophy of practical Vedanta, Vivekananda placed selfless service above the barriers of caste, class, or social divisions. He repeatedly stressed that brotherhood must form the basis of human relations, reminding Indians that even the poor, the marginalised, and those engaged in humble occupations were united in the spirit of fraternity

7. National Manuscripts Mission

 

• The National Manuscripts Mission (NMM) was launched in February 2003 by the Government of India under the Ministry of Culture with the objective of preserving and promoting India’s vast manuscript heritage.
• India possesses one of the richest manuscript traditions in the world, with estimates suggesting the existence of over five million manuscripts written in different scripts, languages, and on diverse materials such as palm leaves, birch bark, cloth, and paper.
• These manuscripts cover a wide range of subjects, including religion, philosophy, science, medicine, literature, art, and governance, reflecting the depth and diversity of India’s intellectual history.
• The mission was conceived as a national-level initiative to collect, conserve, catalogue, and make available manuscripts scattered across the country. Its vision was not just to safeguard physical manuscripts but also to encourage research and dissemination of the knowledge contained in them.
• The work of the mission was carried out through a network of Manuscript Resource Centres (MRCs) for surveying and documentation, Manuscript Conservation Centres (MCCs) for preservation and restoration, and Manuscript Partner Centres (MPCs) for wider outreach.
• The mission also set up the National Manuscripts Library and the National Manuscripts Database, creating a centralised repository of information on manuscripts in India.
• A key programme of the NMM was digitisation, aimed at creating electronic copies of manuscripts to prevent loss from deterioration and to enable wider access for researchers and the public.
• The mission also promoted critical editions, translations, and publications of rare manuscripts and organised training workshops in palaeography, conservation techniques, and manuscriptology to build human resource capacity in this specialised field.
• Despite its achievements, the NMM faced several challenges. Progress was often criticised as slow, especially in digitisation. Many manuscripts remained in private collections, difficult to access or document. Funding constraints, lack of advanced technology integration, and limited awareness also hindered the mission’s wider impact.
• In 2025, the government replaced the National Manuscripts Mission with the more ambitious Gyan Bharatam Mission, which seeks to scale up the work of NMM by leveraging modern technology like AI-assisted digitisation and positioning India’s manuscript heritage within a global cultural and diplomatic framework

 

For Prelims: Gyan Bharatam Mission, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), National Manuscripts Mission   For Mains: GS I - Art and Culture

 

Related Question   1.Consider the following statements, with reference to the Gyan Bharatam Mission: 1. The government is aiming to create an institution on the lines of the Archaeological Survey of India for the preservation and interpretation of India’s manuscripts. 2. The mission intends to cover more than one crore manuscripts. 3. It replaces the existing National Manuscripts Mission. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Answer (c)   1. The government is aiming to create an institution on the lines of the Archaeological Survey of India for the preservation and interpretation of India’s manuscripts. ✅ Correct – The Gyan Bharatam project (₹400 crore) envisions such an institution. 2. The mission intends to cover more than one crore manuscripts. ✅ Correct – Officially, it aims to include over one crore manuscripts. 3. It replaces the existing National Manuscripts Mission. ✅ Correct – Gyan Bharatam substitutes the National Manuscripts Mission (2003), which progressed slowly

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

FOREIGN PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT (FPI)

 

 

 

1. Context

 

 India is the world’s fastest-growing major economy, with its annual GDP increase averaging 8.2% during 2021 to 2024. The growth momentum has been maintained even this calendar year. According to the National Statistics Office, the Indian economy registered year-on-year GDP growth of 7.4% and 7.8% respectively in the January-March and April-June 2025 quarters. The impressive growth rates, however, don’t seem to be reflected in the foreign capital flows received by the country.

 

 

2. What are foreign portfolio investors (FPI)?

 

 

• Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) are overseas entities or individuals who invest in the financial assets of a country, such as shares, bonds, debentures, mutual funds, or other securities, without having direct control over the businesses they invest in.
• Unlike Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which involves establishing a lasting interest in an enterprise, setting up facilities, or acquiring a controlling stake, FPIs are primarily concerned with earning returns from the movement of capital markets.
• Essentially, FPIs put their money into a country’s stock market or debt market to benefit from short- or medium-term price changes, dividends, or interest income.
• Their investment is often guided by considerations like the stability of the economy, growth prospects, interest rates, and global liquidity conditions.
• Because the money can be moved in and out relatively quickly, FPIs are often described as “hot money,” highlighting the fact that such investments can be highly volatile.
• In India, FPIs are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which set the rules regarding eligibility, permissible investment limits, and reporting requirements
•  These investors can include foreign institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, hedge funds, asset management companies, or even individual investors from abroad.
• Their participation is significant because it not only provides additional capital for companies and governments but also increases liquidity and depth in the financial markets.
• However, large-scale entry or exit of FPIs can impact stock prices, exchange rates, and overall financial stability

 

3. How is it different from foreign direct investment?

 

• That’s a very relevant follow-up. The key difference between Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) lies in the nature, purpose, and level of control over the assets being invested in.
• Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) refers to investment in a country’s financial markets—such as equities, bonds, or other securities—without seeking management control or a lasting interest in the company.
• An FPI is more like buying shares on the stock exchange: the investor becomes a shareholder but has little or no say in how the company is run.
• The intention is usually to earn returns from dividends, interest, or capital gains, and the money can move in and out relatively quickly depending on market conditions. Because of this, FPIs are generally considered more volatile and speculative in nature.
• On the other hand, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) involves investing directly in productive assets of another country, such as setting up factories, infrastructure projects, offices, or acquiring a significant stake in a company to gain management influence.
• The idea here is to establish a long-term business presence and contribute to the host country’s economic activities.
• FDI is more stable because it ties the investor to physical assets and operational responsibilities, making it less prone to sudden withdrawal compared to FPI.

 

In short: FPI is financial investment—short to medium term, market-driven, without control. FDI is business investment—long-term, with management control and significant impact on the host economy.

 

 

4. What is the significance of FPI?

 

 

• FPI brings in foreign capital into a country’s stock and debt markets, which increases the liquidity and depth of those markets. This makes it easier for domestic companies and governments to raise funds, since more investors are available to buy their securities.
• It also improves market efficiency, as the entry of sophisticated foreign investors often brings in better practices in valuation, analysis, and corporate governance.
• For the broader economy, FPIs are an important source of foreign exchange inflow. This helps strengthen the balance of payments, stabilizes the currency in times of pressure, and gives policymakers more room to finance trade deficits.
• For emerging economies like India, FPIs signal international confidence in the domestic economy. When foreign investors channel funds into Indian markets, it reflects their positive outlook on India’s growth potential, macroeconomic stability, and regulatory environment.
• However, FPIs are equally significant because of their volatility. Since FPI money can be withdrawn at short notice—depending on global interest rates, risk perception, or geopolitical conditions—large inflows or sudden outflows can cause swings in stock markets and currency values.
• For example, massive withdrawals of FPI funds may lead to a depreciation of the rupee and stock market instability, affecting both investors and the wider economy.

 

Positive side – boosts liquidity, deepens capital markets, brings foreign exchange, and reflects global confidence. Risk side – can cause volatility and expose the economy to sudden capital flight

 

 

5. What is Foreign capital paradox?

 

The Foreign Capital Paradox refers to the puzzling observation that capital (money for investment) does not always flow from rich countries to poor countries, even though economic theory suggests it should.

In theory, poorer countries, being capital-scarce, should offer higher returns on investment compared to rich countries where capital is already abundant and returns are relatively lower. Based on this logic, one would expect foreign capital—through FDI, FPI, or loans—to flow heavily into developing or low-income nations, helping them grow faster. This is consistent with the predictions of the neoclassical growth model.

However, in reality, the flow of capital is often the opposite. A large share of global investment moves among already rich, developed nations rather than toward poorer countries. Many developing countries actually see capital outflows instead of inflows, despite their greater need for funds. This mismatch between theory and reality is what economists call the “foreign capital paradox.”

 

One of the best-known explanations for this paradox comes from Robert Lucas (1990), often referred to as the Lucas Paradox. He argued that capital doesn’t flow as expected due to several factors: Institutional weaknesses in developing countries (weak governance, poor enforcement of contracts, corruption). Political instability and risk that discourage investors. Lack of human capital (skilled labor, technology absorption capacity) to complement physical capital. Poor infrastructure and underdeveloped financial markets. Policy uncertainty, such as sudden changes in taxation or restrictions on profit repatriation

 

 

For Prelims: Balance of payments (BOP), foreign portfolio investors (FPI),  foreign direct investment(FDI)   For Prelims: GS III - Economy

 

Previous Year Questions   1.Which of the following is issued by registered foreign portfolio investors to overseas investors who want to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly? (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) Certificate of Deposit (b) Commercial Paper (c) Promissory Note (d) Participatory Note Answer (d)   Participatory Notes (P-notes) are financial instruments issued by registered Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) to overseas investors who wish to invest in Indian stock markets without directly registering with SEBI. They are essentially offshore derivative instruments, linked to Indian securities. For example, if an FPI buys shares of Infosys in India, it can issue a P-note to an overseas investor. That overseas investor will gain the benefits (returns) from Infosys’ shares without directly owning them in India. This route is often used by investors who want to save time and avoid the regulatory process of registration, though SEBI keeps a close watch on P-notes due to concerns about transparency and misuse

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

CENSUS 2027

 

 

 

1. Context

 

The Registrar General of India (RGI) has sought a Rs 14,618.95-crore budget to conduct the Census 2027, which will be the first “Digital Census” and collect data on caste

 

2. Registrar General of India

 

 

• The Indian Census is the world’s largest administrative and statistical exercise. The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (ORG&CCI), under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is tasked with conducting the decennial census.

• As per the Census India website, prior to 1951, a temporary Census Organisation was set up for each census. In 1948, the Census Act was enacted to establish a structured process for conducting population censuses and to define the responsibilities of census officials.

• To systematically collect data on population size, growth, and related statistics, the Government of India decided in May 1949 to create an organisation within the Ministry of Home Affairs under the Registrar General and ex-Officio Census Commissioner.

• This body was tasked with generating population statistics, including vital statistics and census data, and was later given the responsibility to implement the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 across the country.

• Mritunjay Kumar Narayan is the current RGI, assuming office on November 1, 2022. His tenure was extended last year until August 4, 2026, or until further orders.

• According to the Census India website, the RGI’s office oversees the following key functions:

  • Housing & Population Census: The Census Commissioner is the statutory authority responsible for conducting the Housing & Population Census under the Census Act, 1948 and its rules.

  • Civil Registration System (CRS): As Registrar General of India under the Registration of Births & Deaths (RBD) Act, 1969, the RGI ensures the compulsory registration of births and deaths, coordinating civil registration and vital statistics across all States and Union Territories.

  • National Population Register (NPR): Prepared under the Citizenship Rules, 2003, the NPR collects information on all individuals who are usually resident in India, as part of the broader Citizenship Act, 1955 framework.

  • Mother Tongue Survey: This survey records mother tongues consistently reported across multiple Census decades and documents linguistic features of selected languages.

  • Sample Registration System (SRS): The ORG&CCI implements the SRS, a large-scale sample survey conducted semi-annually to estimate vital statistics such as birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality rate at the state level

 

3. History of Census in India

 

• India’s first nationwide census, though non-synchronous, was carried out in 1872. It attempted to count people across most regions of the country, but some areas under British rule were not covered.

• The first synchronous census of India was conducted in 1881 under the supervision of W.C. Plowden.

• The 1881 Census represented a major step toward a modern, coordinated census system, focusing not only on complete population coverage but also on the classification of demographic, social, and economic features

 

4. Census 2027

 

 

• The Census 2027 will mark India’s 16th decennial Census overall and the eighth since Independence. The exercise will gather population data at the village, town, and ward levels, covering parameters such as housing conditions, amenities, assets, demographic characteristics, religion, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, language, literacy and education, economic activity, migration, and fertility.

• On June 16, the Centre officially notified its plan to conduct the Census 2027. This marks the first time a decennial Census has been delayed by six years. Some key features of the upcoming Census include:

  • Digital Census: For the first time, Census 2027 will be fully digital, with data collected via dedicated mobile applications. Citizens will also have the option to self-enumerate, and caste data will be recorded electronically.

  • Caste enumeration: On April 30, the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA) approved the inclusion of caste data in the Census.

  • Real-time monitoring and management: The Registrar General of India (RGI) is developing a Census Monitoring & Management System (CMMS) website to enable real-time oversight of the exercise. Over 35 lakh enumerators and supervisors will be deployed, which is more than 30% higher than the 27 lakh personnel used for the 2011 Census

 

5.  NPR

• The NPR, unlike the Census, is a comprehensive identity database of every "usual resident" in the country and the data proposed to be collected at the family level can be shared with States and other government departments.
• Though Census also collects similar information, the Census Act of 1948 bars sharing any individual's data with the State or Centre and only aggregate data at the administrative level can be released.
• According to Citizenship Rules 2003 under the Citizenship Act, 1955, NPR is the first step towards a compilation of the National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC/NRC).
• Assam is the only State where an NRC has been compiled based on the directions of the Supreme Court, with the final draft of Assam's NRC excluding 19 lakhs of the 3.29 crores applicants.
•  Assam Government has rejected the NRC in its current form and demanded re-verification of 30 per cent of names included in the NRC in areas bordering Bangladesh and 10 per cent in the remaining State.
• In 2020, the NPR was opposed by several State governments such as West Bengal, Kerala, Rajasthan, Odisha, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Punjab and Chhattisgarh and Civil Society Organisations due to its link with the proposed NRC as it might leave many people stateless for want of legacy documents.
• There are apprehensions that the Citizenship Amendment Act 9 (CAA), 2019 allows citizenship based on religion to six undocumented religious communities from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh who entered India on or before December 31, 2014, will benefit non-Muslims excluded from the proposed citizens' register, while excluded.
• Muslims will have to prove their citizenship. The government has denied that the CAA and NRC are linked and there are currently any plans to compile a countrywide NRC.

5.1. The current status of NPR

• The NPR was first collected in 2010 when the Congres government was in power at the Centre.
• It was updated in 2015 and already has details of 119 crore residents.
• In March 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) amended the Census Rules framed in 1990 to capture and store the Census data in an electronic form and enabled self-enumeration by respondents.
• The NPR is scheduled to be updated with the first phase of Census 2021.
• For this phase (house listing and household phase), 31 questions have been notified, while for the population enumeration, the second and main phase 28 questions have been finalised but are yet to be notified.
• The NPR is expected to collect details on 21 parameters of all family members, up from 14 questions in 2010 and 2015.
• The Sub-heads include passport number, relationship to head of the family, whether divorced/ widowed or separated, mother tongue if non-worker, cultivator, labourer, government employee, daily wage earner among others.
• The form also has a column on Aadhar, mobile phone, Voter ID and driver's licence.
• Though the government has claimed that the NPR form has not been finalised yet, the sample form is part of the Census of India 2021 Handbook for Principal/District Census Officers and Charge Officers in 2021.
• The NPR has retained contentious questions such as "mother tongue, place of birth of father and mother and last place of residence", possible indicators to determine inclusion in the Citizenship register.
• The questions were opposed by the State governments of West Bengal, Kerala, Rajasthan and Odisha in 2020.
• The final set of questions of both the phases and NPR was asked during a pre-test exercise in 2019 in 76 districts in 36 States and Union Territories covering a population of more than 26 lakhs.

 

 

 

For Prelims: NPR, CAA, Census, Covid-19, Expenditure Finance Committee, Registrar General of India, Registration of Births and Deaths Act, of 1969, The Treatise on Indian Censuses Since 1981, Assam,  For Mains: 1. How can citizens file Census details online? Explain the norms being laid down and discuss the reasons for National Population Register being made compulsory for those who want to fill out the form digitally. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   Prelims:   1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2009) 1. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the density of the population of India has increased more than three times. 2. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the annual growth rate (exponential) of the population of India has doubled. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only          (b) 2 only                 (c) Both 1 and 2                 (d) Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: D   2. In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 1. The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform. 2. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using vector based platform. 3. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen based vaccine. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only            B. 2 and 3 only                   C. 1 and 3 only              D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: B   3. Sinovac given for Covid-19 is a  (UPPSC Combined State Exam 2022) A. Protein sub-unit B. Non-replicating viral vector C. Whole virus vaccine D. mRNA vaccine   Answer: C   4. Along with the Budget, the Finance Minister also places other documents before the Parliament which Include "The Macro Economic Framework Statement". The aforesaid document is presented because this is mandated by (UPSC 2020)  A. Long-standing parliamentary convention B. Article 112 and Article 110 (1) of the Constitution of India C. Article 113 of the Constitution of India D. Provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 Answer: D   5. Who is the Census Commissioner of India in 2021? (ICAR Technician 2022) A. Dr Vivek Joshi B. Dr C Chandramouli C. Shri Sailesh D. DK Sikri   Answer: A   6. The Registration of Birth and Death Act came into force in the year _____. (UPSSSC Junior Assistant 2020)  A. 1964      B. 1969    C.  1972        D.1981   Answer: B   7. Consider the following States: (UPSC 2022) 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Kerala 3. Himachal Pradesh 4. Tripura How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States? A. Only one State B. Only two States C. Only three States D. All four States   Answer: C   8. Consider the following rivers (UPSC 2014)  1. Barak 2. Lohit 3. Subansiri Which of the above flows/flow through Arunachal Pradesh?  A. 1 only    B.2 and 3 only     C. 1 and 3 only      D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B   Mains: 1. Two parallel run schemes of the Government, viz the Adhaar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth. (UPSC 2014)

 

Source: The Hindu

 

 

INTEGRATED AIR DROP TEST (IADT-1)

 

 

 

1. Context

 

On August 24, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully carried out its first Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1), a crucial milestone in the preparation for the country’s maiden human spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan. A dummy crew capsule weighing nearly five tonnes was dropped from a helicopter to test whether its parachute system could slow it safely for splashdown.

 

2. What is Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1)?

 

• The Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) is meant to assess the parachute-based braking system that ensures the Gaganyaan crew module lands safely after reentry. In the first trial, IADT-1, the parachutes were expected to open in a fixed sequence once the module was dropped from nearly 3 km altitude.
• Even though the capsule carried no crew and was released from a helicopter, the experiment replicated the final stages of an actual mission.
• In a real operation, the capsule would first decelerate due to atmospheric drag and its heat shield, then be stabilized by small drogue parachutes, and finally slowed by three large main parachutes, each 25 meters in diameter.
• The objective was to bring down the descent speed to about 8 m/s before it hit the sea surface

 

3. How was the test conducted?

 

• During IADT-1, a Chinook helicopter of the Indian Air Force airlifted a 4.8-ton dummy crew module and released it from the set altitude. Once released, the automated systems activated and deployed the parachutes in the planned sequence.
• According to ISRO, the landing parameters matched predictions, confirming the system’s effectiveness under real-world conditions.
• The trial required extensive simulations, instrumentation, and collaboration across several organisations. While the Air Force handled the airlift, the DRDO provided inputs on materials and safety mechanisms.
• The Indian Navy and Coast Guard were tasked with recovery preparations after splashdown. A. Rajarajan, Director of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, noted that his centre carried out nearly 90% of the activities for IADT-1.
• In human spaceflight, ascent, descent, and recovery are considered the most critical stages. Even with a successful launch and stay in orbit, astronauts’ safety ultimately depends on the capsule’s ability to slow down safely for re-entry and landing. Any malfunction in parachute deployment could have disastrous consequences, making ground trials essential

 

4. Roadmap for Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1)

 

 

• The Gaganyaan mission ultimately aims to place Indian astronauts in low-Earth orbit using a human-rated LVM3 launch vehicle. Before this goal can be realized, ISRO must complete a series of rigorous trials to verify all safety mechanisms.
• Unlike satellite or planetary launches, crewed missions require human-rating of every system, which means building in redundancies, fault-detection features, and life-support capabilities.
• As part of this process, Crew Escape System demonstrations are carried out to ensure astronauts can be safely separated from the rocket if a launch failure occurs. The first test vehicle mission, TV-D1, was conducted in October 2023, while the upcoming TV-D2 will simulate a more advanced abort scenario.
• The first uncrewed mission, Gaganyaan-1 (G1), will send a crew module into orbit atop the LVM3. Inside it will be ‘Vyommitra’, a humanoid robot created to replicate astronaut tasks. The recent success of IADT-1 has laid the groundwork for TV-D2 and G1.
• Additional drop tests, subsystem validations, and multiple IADTs will continue simultaneously to fine-tune the systems before human spaceflight is approved. By the time the inaugural human mission (H1) is attempted, ISRO would have completed thousands of individual tests.
• Key technologies being developed include the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) to manage oxygen supply, temperature, waste, and fire protection; the Integrated Vehicle Health Management System (IVHMS) for autonomous fault detection and abort activation; and an upgraded LVM3 rocket, strengthened to meet human-rating reliability standards.
• Since many of these critical technologies were unavailable internationally, India has had to indigenously develop components such as escape motors and specialized composites. Every subsystem must undergo hundreds of trials before certification for crewed use

 

5. India's long-term goals

 

• The Gaganyaan programme is not the final goal but rather the stepping stone for India’s long-term human spaceflight ambitions. The government has outlined plans to set up the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and to attempt a crewed lunar landing by 2040.
• Achieving these milestones will require multiple missions, longer stays in orbit, and the development of advanced deep-space technologies. Timelines may shift — for instance, IADT-1 was initially slated for April 2024 — but each test contributes to building the expertise needed for larger objectives.
• As per ISRO, the upcoming TV-D2 flight will validate the Crew Escape System by simulating an emergency abort: the crew module will detach, slow down using thrusters and parachutes, and land in the sea for recovery operations.
• Parallel to this, ISRO is extending the SpaDeX mission, after its twin satellites successfully carried out an in-orbit docking demonstration in May 2025. This capability will play a vital role in future projects such as Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan-4, and the BAS.
• The first human mission (H1) is officially targeted for 2027, though further delays are anticipated

 

6. Gaganyaan Mission

 

• The Gaganyaan Mission is India’s first human spaceflight programme, designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) with the goal of sending Indian astronauts into low-Earth orbit.
• Unlike previous satellite or planetary missions, Gaganyaan involves the challenge of carrying humans to space and bringing them back safely, which requires an entirely different level of engineering, testing, and safety validation.
• At its core, the mission seeks to launch a crew of astronauts, often referred to as vyomnauts, aboard a specially human-rated version of the LVM3 rocket. Human-rating means that every system of the launch vehicle and crew module must be designed with additional redundancies, fault detection mechanisms, and life-support provisions so that the astronauts remain safe even if some components fail.
• This involves building systems such as the Crew Escape System, which can rapidly pull astronauts away from the rocket if a launch emergency occurs, and the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS), which maintains oxygen supply, temperature regulation, waste management, and fire safety inside the module.
• The programme is being executed in carefully planned stages. ISRO has been conducting a series of uncrewed test flights to validate technologies before astronauts are actually sent to space.
• These include drop tests of the crew module, where parachute systems are evaluated to ensure a safe splashdown; abort tests, where the crew escape system is triggered under different scenarios; and orbital missions that will carry an uncrewed module into space with a humanoid robot called Vyommitra, designed to simulate astronaut functions.
• These tests are crucial because the riskiest parts of any human mission are the ascent, re-entry, and landing phases, and a failure in deceleration or parachute deployment could prove catastrophic.
• The mission is not just about a single flight but about laying the foundation for India’s long-term human space exploration programme. The government has already announced ambitious future goals: establishing the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), an indigenous space station, by 2035, and sending Indian astronauts to the Moon by 2040.
• Achieving these milestones will require mastering technologies like in-orbit docking, long-duration orbital habitation, and deep-space travel.
• ISRO’s SpaDeX mission, which successfully demonstrated satellite docking in 2025, is an example of the technology that will directly contribute to Gaganyaan’s evolution and future missions.
• As of now, the first human spaceflight under Gaganyaan, referred to as H1, is officially targeted for 2027, though delays are expected due to the complexity of testing and validation.
• By the time astronauts are launched, ISRO would have carried out thousands of subsystem trials, multiple abort demonstrations, and several uncrewed missions to ensure that the risks are minimized.
• In essence, Gaganyaan is a landmark project for India—not just for sending astronauts into space for the first time, but for creating the technological base for much larger and more ambitious human spaceflight missions in the decades to come

 

 

For Prelims: Gaganyaan programme, TV-D1 mission, Low Earth Orbit, Isro, LVM3, GSLV Mk III,  For Mains:  1. Discuss the key objectives of the TV-D1 mission within the Gaganyaan program. How does this mission contribute to astronaut safety and the overall success of Gaganyaan? (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018) 1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. 3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 2 D. 3 only Answer: A   2. India's first human space mission "Gaganyaan" will be launched in which year? (ESIC UDC 2022) A. 2022          B. 2023          C. 2024          D. 2025      E.  2026   Answer: B   3. Find the incorrect statements, about the Gaganyaan Mission of India. (MPSC 2020) 1. Four pilots from Indian Air Force were shortlisted to be astronauts of Gaganyaan. 2. They will be trained at Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Centre in Russia. 3. This mission was announced by Prime Minister in 2014. 4. It is scheduled for 2022 with a team of 5 crew members and a month-long stay in space. A. 1, 2, 3, 4     B.  2, 3, 4           C. 3, 4          D. 2, 3   Answer: C   4. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020) A. space research      B. agricultural research          C. seed research          D. marine research Answer: A   5.  Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (UPSC 2014) Spacecraft                                    Purpose Cassini-Huygens:                  Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth Messenger:                             Mapping and investigating the Mercury Voyager 1 and 2:                    Exploring the outer solar system Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only         (b) 2 and 3 only          (c) 1 and 3 only          (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B 6. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2016) The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO 1. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission 2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA 3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only        (b) 2 and 3 only          (c) 1 and 3 only            (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: C

Source: The Hindu