2. About the National Health Policy

The National Health Policy (NHP) is a comprehensive framework that outlines the government's vision, goals, and strategies for addressing healthcare challenges and improving the health outcomes of the population. It serves as a guiding document for healthcare planning, resource allocation, and implementation of health programs and initiatives.

Key components of a National Health Policy typically include

• The NHP articulates the government's vision for the healthcare system and sets specific goals and targets to be achieved over a defined period. These goals often encompass areas such as improving access to healthcare services, enhancing the quality of care, reducing health inequalities, and promoting health and well-being.
• It outlines strategies for organizing and delivering healthcare services, including the development of infrastructure, human resources, and healthcare facilities. This may involve expanding healthcare coverage, strengthening primary healthcare services, and integrating various levels of care within the health system.
• The NHP addresses mechanisms for financing healthcare services, including public funding, health insurance schemes, and other financial instruments. It may outline strategies for increasing public spending on health, mobilizing resources, and ensuring equitable access to affordable healthcare for all segments of the population.
• The policy emphasizes the importance of health promotion, disease prevention, and public health interventions to improve population health outcomes. This may include initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles, prevent communicable and non-communicable diseases, and address social determinants of health.
• It establishes regulatory frameworks and standards for healthcare delivery, quality assurance, and patient safety. This may involve licensing and accreditation of healthcare facilities, regulation of healthcare professionals, and monitoring of healthcare quality and outcomes.
• The NHP recognizes the importance of partnerships and collaboration between government agencies, healthcare providers, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders to achieve its goals. It may involve engaging multiple sectors beyond healthcare, such as education, agriculture, and urban planning, to address health determinants comprehensively.
• The policy includes mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating progress towards its goals and objectives. This may involve the development of health indicators, data collection systems, and periodic assessments to track performance, identify gaps, and inform policy adjustments.

3. What is Primary healthcare?

Primary healthcare refers to essential health services that are universally accessible to individuals and communities. It is typically the first point of contact with the healthcare system for most people and plays a crucial role in promoting health, preventing diseases, and managing common health problems.

Key characteristics of primary healthcare include

• Primary healthcare services are geographically and financially accessible to all members of the community, regardless of their socioeconomic status, location, or background. This accessibility ensures that individuals can seek care when needed without encountering barriers related to distance or cost.
• Primary healthcare addresses a wide range of health needs across the lifespan, including preventive care, health promotion, treatment of common illnesses, management of chronic conditions, and referral to specialized services when necessary. It emphasizes holistic and patient-centered care that considers the physical, mental, and social aspects of health.
• Primary healthcare services are integrated across different levels of care, from individual clinics and health centres to community-based programs and outreach services. This integration fosters coordination and continuity of care, ensuring seamless transitions between different healthcare providers and settings.
• Primary healthcare empowers individuals and communities to take control of their health and well-being through health education, counselling, and community engagement. It promotes active participation and self-management, empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health and lifestyle choices.
• Primary healthcare strives to address health inequalities and disparities by ensuring that healthcare services are distributed fairly and reach underserved populations, including marginalized groups, rural communities, and vulnerable populations. It promotes equity in access to healthcare and health outcomes for all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances.
• Primary healthcare involves collaboration and teamwork among different healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, community health workers, and allied health professionals. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a comprehensive and holistic response to the diverse health needs of individuals and communities.

4. What is out-of-pocket expenditure?

Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) refers to the direct payments made by individuals or households for healthcare goods and services at the point of receiving care. These expenses are typically paid for by individuals using their own funds rather than being covered by a third-party payer, such as government health insurance, private health insurance, or employer-sponsored health plans.

Key characteristics of out-of-pocket expenditure include

• OOP expenses are incurred by individuals or households at the time they receive healthcare services. This may include payments for doctor's visits, hospital stays, prescription medications, diagnostic tests, medical procedures, and other healthcare-related expenses.
• OOP expenses are incurred when healthcare services are not fully covered by health insurance or other third-party payers. They represent the portion of healthcare costs that individuals are responsible for paying themselves, either because they do not have insurance coverage or because their insurance plan requires them to pay deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, or other cost-sharing amounts.
• OOP expenses can vary widely depending on factors such as the type and severity of the health condition, the type of healthcare provider or facility visited, the location of services, and the individual's insurance coverage. Some healthcare services may be relatively inexpensive, while others may involve significant out-of-pocket costs, especially for specialized or high-cost treatments.
• OOP expenses can impose a significant financial burden on individuals and households, particularly those with limited financial resources or those facing high healthcare costs. In some cases, out-of-pocket spending on healthcare can lead to financial hardship, medical debt, or barriers to accessing necessary care, especially for vulnerable or marginalized populations.
• High levels of out-of-pocket spending can deter individuals from seeking timely and appropriate healthcare services, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment, underutilization of preventive services, and poorer health outcomes. This is particularly relevant in low- and middle-income countries where healthcare costs may represent a substantial proportion of household income.
• Policymakers often seek to reduce out-of-pocket spending on healthcare by implementing measures to expand health insurance coverage, increase financial protection, and improve access to affordable healthcare services. This may include initiatives such as universal health coverage, social health insurance schemes, subsidies for health insurance premiums, or waivers for certain categories of patients.

5. How non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has become a challenge for India?

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become a significant challenge for India due to several interrelated factors

• India is experiencing a rapid epidemiological transition characterized by a shift from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases. Lifestyle changes, urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, tobacco use, and increasing life expectancy have contributed to the rising prevalence of NCDs such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases.
• NCDs account for a substantial burden of morbidity, mortality, and disability in India. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs are responsible for more than 60% of all deaths in India. Cardiovascular diseases alone contribute to nearly one-fourth of all deaths, followed by chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, and diabetes.
• NCDs impose a significant economic burden on individuals, households, and the healthcare system. High out-of-pocket expenditures for NCD treatment and management can lead to financial hardship, impoverishment, and barriers to accessing healthcare services, particularly for low-income populations. The economic costs of NCDs include direct medical expenses, indirect costs related to productivity losses and disability, and intangible costs associated with pain and suffering.
• NCDs disproportionately affect vulnerable and marginalized populations, exacerbating existing health inequities and disparities. Socioeconomic factors such as poverty, inadequate access to healthcare, limited health literacy, and environmental factors contribute to disparities in NCD risk factors, prevalence, and outcomes across different population groups.
• India's healthcare system faces challenges in addressing the growing burden of NCDs, including inadequate infrastructure, limited human resources, fragmented healthcare delivery, and gaps in prevention, diagnosis, and management services. There is a need for strengthening primary healthcare, integrating NCD services into existing health programs, and improving access to essential medicines and technologies for NCD prevention and control.
• NCD risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, and air pollution are highly prevalent in India. Efforts to address NCDs require multi-sectoral collaboration and population-wide interventions to promote healthy lifestyles, reduce exposure to risk factors, and create supportive environments for health.
• India's demographic transition, characterized by an ageing population and increasing life expectancy, contributes to the rising burden of NCDs. Older adults are at higher risk of developing NCDs and often require long-term care and management, placing additional strain on healthcare resources and services.

6. The status of health insurance in India

The status of health insurance in India has been evolving rapidly in recent years, with significant growth in coverage, awareness, and innovation.  As of 2021, only around 37% of the Indian population has health insurance, with a significant gap between urban and rural areas.

Several factors contribute to the current status of health insurance in India

• The Government of India has implemented several health insurance schemes to improve access to healthcare and provide financial protection to vulnerable populations. These include schemes such as Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), and various state-sponsored health insurance programs. These schemes aim to cover economically disadvantaged individuals and families, offering cashless treatment for a range of medical services.
• The private health insurance sector in India has experienced significant growth in recent years, driven by increasing demand for healthcare coverage and rising healthcare costs. Private health insurance companies offer a wide range of health insurance products tailored to the needs and preferences of different segments of the population. These include individual health insurance plans, family floater plans, group health insurance for employees, and specialized products for critical illness, maternity, and senior citizens.
• The coverage of health insurance in India has expanded significantly in recent years, with more individuals and families opting for health insurance coverage. Government initiatives, employer-sponsored schemes, and individual purchasing decisions have contributed to the growth in health insurance coverage across urban and rural areas. However, there are still significant gaps in coverage, especially among low-income and informal sector workers.
• Health insurance companies in India are increasingly offering innovative products and services to meet the evolving needs of consumers. This includes value-added services such as telemedicine consultations, wellness programs, health check-ups, and digital platforms for policy management and claims processing. Insurers are also leveraging technology, data analytics, and artificial intelligence to enhance customer experience, improve risk assessment, and prevent fraud.
• Despite progress, there are several challenges facing the health insurance sector in India, including low awareness, affordability issues, inadequate regulatory oversight, fraudulent practices, and the need for capacity building in insurance infrastructure and human resources. However, there are also opportunities for further expansion and improvement, including increasing coverage among underserved populations, enhancing product affordability and transparency, strengthening regulatory frameworks, and promoting innovation and competition in the sector.

7. Government health expenditure in primary, secondary, and tertiary care

Government health expenditure in primary, secondary, and tertiary care refers to the allocation of public funds towards healthcare services at different levels of the healthcare system. 

Primary Care

• Primary care includes essential healthcare services provided at the community level, typically through primary health centres (PHCs), health sub-centers, and other primary care facilities. These services focus on preventive care, health promotion, early detection, and basic treatment of common health problems.
• Government health expenditure in primary care encompasses funding for infrastructure development, staff salaries, medical supplies, equipment, preventive health programs, and outreach activities.
• Examples of primary care services funded by the government include immunization programs, maternal and child health services, family planning, nutrition programs, and communicable disease control initiatives.

Secondary Care

• Secondary care refers to specialized medical services provided by district hospitals, community health centres (CHCs), and other secondary care facilities. These services include diagnostic services, emergency care, specialist consultations, surgeries, and inpatient care for more complex health conditions.
• Government health expenditure in secondary care includes funding for the operation and maintenance of secondary care facilities, staffing of medical and paramedical personnel, medical equipment and technology, medicines and supplies, and support for specialized health programs.
• Examples of secondary care services funded by the government include obstetric care, surgical services, management of chronic diseases, diagnostic imaging, laboratory testing, and emergency medical services.

Tertiary Care

• Tertiary care refers to highly specialized medical services provided by tertiary care hospitals, medical colleges, teaching hospitals, and other advanced healthcare facilities. These services are typically delivered by specialized medical professionals, advanced medical technologies, and multidisciplinary teams.
• Government health expenditure in tertiary care includes funding for the operation and maintenance of tertiary care institutions, staffing of specialized healthcare professionals, procurement of advanced medical equipment and technology, research and training programs, and support for specialized treatment and rehabilitation services.
• Examples of tertiary care services funded by the government include organ transplantation, cancer treatment, cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, intensive care, rehabilitation services, and medical education and research.

8. How does India fare with other countries in terms of GDP expenditure of the health sector?

Accessing real-time data to make a definitive comparison is challenging, but here's some information to help you understand India's standing on health sector expenditure compared to other countries. According to the Economic Survey 2022-23, the central and state governments' budgeted expenditure on healthcare reached 2.1% of GDP in FY23.  This indicates an increase from previous years.

Global Comparison Challenges

• There can be discrepancies in how different countries define and measure health expenditure. This makes direct comparisons challenging.
• Some countries might have a lower public health expenditure but a high private health insurance penetration, leading to a higher overall health expenditure.
• World Bank Open Data provides data on health expenditure as a percentage of GDP for various countries.
• WHO Global Health Observatory offers health expenditure data by country. While it might not have the most recent information, it can be a helpful starting point for comparisons. 

Source: The Indian Express

 

PERSONALITY RIGHTS

1. Context

The High Court of Delhi issued a notice on January 21, 2026, to actor Salman Khan on an application filed by a China-based AI voice generation platform seeking to vacate an interim injunction protecting the actor’s personality rights. While the main matter was heard on January 23 by the Joint Registrar (Judicial), the Chinese app’s application is listed for February 27

2. About personality rights

• Personality rights are the rights of a person to protect their identity, including their name, voice, signature, images, and any other feature easily identified by the public.
• Personality rights are not expressly mentioned in a statute in India but are traced to fall under the right to privacy and the right to property.
• The closest statute to protect personality rights is Article 21 of the Constitution of India under rights to privacy and publicity.
• Other statutory provisions protecting personality rights include the Copyright Act, 1957. According to the Act, moral rights are only granted to authors and performers, including actors, singers, musicians, and dancers.
• The provisions of the Act mandate that the Authors or the Performers have the right to be given credit or claim authorship of their work and also have a right to restrain others from causing any kind of damage to their work.
• The Indian Trademarks Act, 1999 also protects personal rights under Section 14, which restricts the use of personal names and representations.
• The Delhi High Court and the Madras High Court have passed interim orders protecting the personality rights of celebrities, but the law is still at a nascent stage in India.
• Celebrities often register some aspects of their personality as trademarks to use them commercially. For example, Usain Bolt's "bolting" or lightning pose is a registered trademark.

4. How have Indian courts decided so far?

• In a recent case, the Delhi High Court granted an ex-parte, omnibus injunction restraining 16 entities from using actor Anil Kapoor's name, likeness, and image for commercial purposes.
• The court also granted an injunction against the use of technological tools like Artificial Intelligence, face morphing, and GIFs to create unauthorised versions of Kapoor.
• In an earlier case, the Delhi High Court had issued a similar injunction against the unauthorised use of Amitabh Bachchan's personality rights.
• The court had injuncted the use of variations of his name such as "Big B", his unique style of addressing the computer as "'Computer ji", and his catchphrase "lock kiya jaye".
• In 2015, the Madras High Court observed that "personality right vests on those persons, who have attained the status of celebrity".
• The court's observation came in the actor Rajnikanth's lawsuit against the producers of the movie "Main hoon Rajnikanth", claiming that his name, image, and style of delivering dialogues had infringed on his personality rights.
• The court said that the producers after admitting that the actor has a high reputation can't now say that Rajnikanth is a common name.

5. When can the Court grant an injunction?

The Delhi High Court has listed out the following elements comprising the liability for infringement of the right of publicity:

• The right has to be valid. This means that the court must be satisfied that the "plaintiff owns an enforceable right in the identity or persona of a human being."
• The celebrity must be easily identifiable in the alleged misuse. "The celebrity must be identifiable from the defendant’s unauthorized use Infringement of right of publicity requires no proof of falsity, confusion, or deception, especially when the celebrity is identifiable," the HC had said.
• The defendant must have intended to trade upon the identity of the plaintiff, from which identifiability can be presumed.

6. Conclusion

In essence, the protection of personality rights in India remains a developing area of law, with celebrities increasingly seeking legal recourse to safeguard their distinct identities in an evolving digital landscape.

For Prelims: Personality rights, Delhi High Court, Madras High Court, Right to property, trademark, right to privacy, Article 21, Copyright Act, 1957 For Mains: 1. Explain how can the legal framework for protecting personality rights in India be strengthened to better address the challenges of the digital age. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. What is the position of the Right to Property in India? (UPSC 2021)  A. Legal right available to citizens only B. Legal right available to any person C. Fundamental Right available, to citizens only D. Neither Fundamental Right nor legal right Answer: B   2. In order to comply with TRIPS Agreement, India enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999. The difference/differences between a "Trade Mark" and a Geographical Indication is/are (UPSC 2010) 1. A Trade Mark is an individual or a company's right whereas a Geographical Indication is a community's right. 2. A Trade Mark can be licensed whereas a Geographical Indication cannot be licensed. 3. A Trade Mark is assigned to the manufactured goods whereas the Geographical Indication is assigned to the agricultural goods/products and handicrafts only. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  A. 1 only          B. 1 and 2 only        C. 2 and 3 only         D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: B   3. Which of the following statements regarding Article 21 of the Constitution of India is/ is correct?  (CDS GK 2017) 1. Article 21 is violated when under-trial prisoners are detained under judicial custody for an indefinite period. 2. Right to life is one of the basic human rights and not even the state has the authority to violate that right. 3. Under Article 21, the right of a woman to make reproductive choices is not a dimension of personal liberty. Select the correct answer using the code given below. A. 1, 2 and 3     B. 1 and 2 only     C. 1 and 3 only        D. 2 only   Answer: B   4. Article 21 of Indian Constitution secures: (OPSC OAS 2018) A. Right to life only B. Right to personal liberty only C. Right to liberty and privacy D. Right to life, personal liberty and right to privacy   Answer: D 5. ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the Constitution of India? (UPSC 2021) (a) Article 15 (b) Article 19 (c) Article 21 (d) Article 29 Answer: C 6. Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (2018) (a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution. (b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV. (c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III. (d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution. Answer: C

 

Source: The Indian Express

 

 

ETHANOL BLENDING

1. Context

The implications of ethanol-blending programme and expansion area under maize replacing other crops on food security are non-trivial, the Economic Survey, tabled in Parliament on Thursday, has found. Citing international experience, the Survey has cautioned that an increase in the cultivation of maize could result in further import of edible oil and an increase in food prices.

 

2. Ethanol

• Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a type of alcohol commonly used as a biofuel and a key ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
• It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly sweet taste.
• Ethanol has a wide range of applications and is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or other microorganisms.

3. Ethanol Blending

• Ethanol blending refers to the practice of mixing ethanol with gasoline or other fuels to create a blended fuel.
• Ethanol is a biofuel derived from renewable sources such as sugarcane, corn, or other plant materials.
• It is commonly used as an additive to gasoline in various parts of the world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote cleaner fuel options.
• In the context of transportation, the most common form of ethanol blending is with gasoline, creating a blend known as ethanol-gasoline blend or gasohol.
• The most common ethanol-gasoline blends are E10 and E15, indicating the percentage of ethanol in the mixture. For example, E10 contains 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, while E15 contains 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline.

4. Benefits of Ethanol blending

• Ethanol is considered a renewable fuel because it is derived from plant materials that absorb carbon dioxide during their growth. When blended with gasoline, ethanol can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, as it emits fewer greenhouse gases compared to pure gasoline.
• By blending ethanol with gasoline, countries can reduce their reliance on imported fossil fuels and promote energy security.
• Ethanol has a higher octane rating than gasoline, which can improve engine performance and increase fuel efficiency.
• Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, providing economic benefits to farmers and rural communities.
• Ethanol-gasoline blends can help reduce harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds, contributing to improved air quality.
• Mixing 20 percent ethanol in petrol can potentially reduce the auto fuel import bill by a yearly $4 billion, or Rs 30,000 crore. 
• Another major benefit of ethanol blending is the extra income it gives to farmers. Ethanol is derived from sugarcane and also foodgrains. Hence, farmers can earn extra income by selling their surplus produce to ethanol blend manufacturers.

5. What is E20 Fuel?

• E20 fuel is a type of blended fuel that contains 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline.
• It is an ethanol-gasoline blend, similar to other common blends like E10 (10% ethanol) and E15 (15% ethanol).
• The percentage of ethanol in the blend is denoted by the "E" followed by the percentage of ethanol content.
• E20 fuel is considered a higher ethanol blend compared to E10 and E15, which are more widely available in various countries.
• The use of E20 is part of efforts to promote renewable fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.

6. Significance of E20 fuel

• Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Ethanol is derived from renewable plant sources, and blending it with gasoline can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, contributing to efforts to combat climate change.
• Energy Security: By using more domestically produced ethanol, countries can reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels and enhance energy security.
• Improved Engine Performance: Ethanol's higher octane rating can enhance engine performance and increase fuel efficiency in certain vehicles.
• Support for Agriculture: Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, supporting farmers and rural economies.

7. Challenges in Ethanol Blending Programme

While ethanol blending in transportation fuels offers various benefits, there are several challenges that countries may face in implementing and sustaining a successful ethanol blending program. Some of these challenges include:

• Infrastructure and Distribution: Establishing the necessary infrastructure for blending and distributing ethanol-gasoline blends can be a significant challenge. This includes ensuring that fuel stations have the proper storage facilities and compatible pumps to dispense blended fuels.
• Compatibility with Vehicles: Not all vehicles are designed to run on high ethanol blends like E20 or E85. Older vehicles or vehicles from certain manufacturers may not be compatible with these blends, leading to potential engine damage or decreased performance.
• Fuel Quality and Standards: Maintaining consistent fuel quality is essential to prevent engine damage and ensure consumer confidence. Governments and fuel suppliers must adhere to strict quality standards and monitor the blending process to avoid issues with fuel performance.
• Feedstock Availability and Cost: The production of ethanol relies on agricultural feedstocks, such as corn, sugarcane, or other biomass. The availability and cost of these feedstocks can vary, affecting the overall cost of ethanol production and blending.
• Land Use and Food Security Concerns: Utilizing agricultural land for ethanol production can raise concerns about competing with food production and potentially impacting food security in some regions.
• Competing Uses for Ethanol: Ethanol has various applications beyond fuel blending, such as in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. Competing uses can influence the availability and cost of ethanol for blending.

8. National Biofuel Policy

• India has a National Policy on Biofuels, which was first introduced in 2009 and later revised in 2018.  The policy aims to promote the use of biofuels to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, enhance energy security, promote sustainable development, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
• The policy encourages the blending of biofuels with conventional fossil fuels to create biofuel blends. It focuses on the production and utilization of first-generation biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as advanced biofuels made from non-food feedstock.
• The policy sets targets for blending biofuels with conventional fuels in the transportation sector. For instance, the policy aimed for a 20% ethanol blending in petrol and a 5% biodiesel blending in diesel by 2030.
• The policy emphasizes the development and promotion of second-generation biofuels, which are produced from non-food feedstock, such as agricultural residues, waste, and non-edible oils. This helps avoid competition with food crops and ensures sustainability.
• The policy supports research and development initiatives in the biofuels sector, aimed at improving production processes, enhancing feedstock availability, and developing cost-effective technologies for biofuel production.
• The policy focuses on creating a robust supply chain for biofuels, from feedstock cultivation and collection to biofuel production, distribution, and marketing. This helps in ensuring a smooth and efficient supply of biofuels across the country.

For Prelims: Ethanol Blending, E20 fuel, Greenhouse Gas Emission, National Policy on Biofuels, Food Security, and Gasoline. For Mains: 1. Discuss the benefits and challenges of ethanol blending in transportation fuels as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote renewable energy sources. (250 Words).

 

Previous year Question 1. According to India's National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (UPSC 2020) 1. Cassava 2. Damaged wheat grains 3. Groundnut seeds 4. Horse gram 5. Rotten potatoes 6. Sugar beet Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2, 5, and 6 only B. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only C. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 Answer: A

Source: The Indian Express