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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 16 MARCH 2026

GIG ECONOMY

 
 
1. Context
Gig workers associated with food delivery platforms in Bengaluru said their incomes have fallen sharply, as the shortage of commercial LPG cylinders triggered by the ongoing West Asia crisis has forced several restaurants to temporarily shut down or scale back operations on online platforms.
 
2. What is the gig economy?
 
The gig economy refers to a labor market characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work, as opposed to permanent jobs. It includes a wide range of activities, from ride-sharing and food delivery to freelance writing and graphic design. Workers in the gig economy are typically independent contractors who perform specific tasks or projects, often mediated through digital platforms. This economy offers flexibility and autonomy for workers but also presents challenges such as lack of job security, benefits, and consistent income
 
3.What is the difference between the formal and informal labour markets?
 
Subject Formal Labor Market Informal Labor Market
Regulation Regulated by government laws and policies Not regulated by formal labor laws
Job Security Generally offers job security Often lacks job security
Benefits Provides benefits like health insurance and retirement plans Rarely provides benefits
Legal Protections Employees have legal protections and must adhere to standards Workers lack legal protections
Income Regular and predictable income Irregular and uncertain income
Employment Contracts Jobs usually involve formal contracts Work is often done without formal contracts
Examples Corporate jobs, government positions Freelance work, informal vendors, day labourers
 
 
4. What is the current state of the labour market in India?
 
  • Maintaining the impressive growth rates of recent years into the medium to long term, while expanding the consumption base, will be difficult given that a significant portion of the country's workforce remains stuck in low-productivity jobs.
  • Recent government surveys indicate that the number of informal businesses in the country has increased from 57.6 million in 2010-11 to 63.4 million in 2015-16, and further to 65 million in 2022-23
  • If the economy were generating more productive employment opportunities, both the number of informal firms and the workforce within them would be significantly decreasing.
  • Combining the 110 million workers in non-farm informal businesses with the approximately 230 million engaged in agriculture accounts for almost two-thirds of the labor force still employed in low-productivity jobs in less efficient sectors—sectors that now contribute an even smaller share of the total economic value added than before.
  • This is in addition to those informally employed in construction and the formal parts of the economy.
  • In the absence of low or semi-skilled job opportunities in the more productive formal manufacturing sector, and without the necessary education to enter more skilled formal employment in both manufacturing and high-end services, their only alternatives are precarious forms of employment in the gig economy.”
  • The issue of job scarcity has long been a part of India's development narrative, not limited to the current administration.
  • However, recent changes include the youth bulge, increasing labor force participation rate—particularly among women driven into the workforce by financial distress—the declining share of value added by the informal sector, and the growing capital intensity in production sectors that contribute more to value addition and are labor-intensive by nature
  • The consequences of failing to create a sufficient number of more productive jobs, and the resulting deepening labor market duality, are likely to be manifested in various ways, including reduced social mobility and high-income inequality.
  • As others have noted, this will determine whether the country follows the path of East Asia or takes the route of Latin America
5. What are the causes of the rising gig economy in India?
 
  • The proliferation of smartphones and the internet has facilitated the growth of digital platforms that connect gig workers with customers. Apps and websites have made it easier to find and offer short-term jobs
  • India has a large youth population that is tech-savvy and open to flexible work arrangements. The gig economy offers opportunities that appeal to the younger generation seeking autonomy and varied work experiences
  • The formal sector has not been able to generate enough jobs to match the growing labor force. As a result, many individuals turn to gig work for income, as it often requires lower barriers to entry compared to traditional employment
  •  Financial distress and the need for supplementary income have pushed more people towards gig work. This includes individuals who may already have a job but need additional income to meet their financial needs
  • The gig economy offers flexibility in work hours and the choice of assignments, which attracts individuals who prefer non-traditional work arrangements over the constraints of full-time employment.
  • Companies are increasingly outsourcing tasks to freelancers to reduce costs associated with full-time employees, such as benefits and office space. This shift towards a more flexible workforce model has contributed to the growth of gig work
  • The ability to work remotely has opened up international opportunities for gig workers. Indian freelancers can now find work with companies around the world, broadening their employment prospects
  • The regulatory framework in India is still catching up with the gig economy, providing a more lenient environment for gig platforms and workers compared to the heavily regulated formal sector
  • The gig economy allows workers to leverage diverse skill sets and explore multiple career paths simultaneously. This appeals to individuals looking to diversify their professional experience
  • There is growing consumer demand for services that gig workers provide, such as food delivery, ride-hailing, home services, and freelance professional services. This demand fuels the expansion of gig opportunities
6.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the gig economy?
 
Advantages Disadvantages
Workers can choose their own hours and work location Gig workers often face uncertain income and job stability.
Diverse Opportunities No Employment Benefits
Access to a variety of job types and industries Absence of benefits like health insurance, retirement plans, and paid leave
Increased Income Potential Income Variability
Potential to earn more by taking multiple gigs or high-paying tasks Earnings can be unpredictable and inconsistent.
Opportunity to develop and diversify skill sets. Many gig workers are not protected by labor laws and regulations
Easier entry into the workforce without extensive qualifications. Limited opportunities for career advancement and long-term growth
Greater control over the type of work undertaken and methods of working Flexibility can lead to overworking and blurred boundaries between work and personal life
Ability to work for international clients and companies Gig workers may miss out on the social aspects and support networks found in traditional workplaces
Companies can save on costs related to full-time employees (benefits, office space, etc.). Potential for gig workers to be underpaid and overworked without proper oversight
Can quickly adapt to changing market demands and consumer needs Limited access to training and professional development resources
 
7. What are the challenges associated with the gig economy?
  • Gig workers often face unpredictable and inconsistent income, making financial planning difficult
  • Gig workers typically do not receive traditional employment benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, paid leave, and unemployment benefits
  • The temporary and project-based nature of gig work means that workers lack job security and can be easily terminated
  • There is often a lack of clear legal frameworks to protect gig workers, leading to issues with worker rights, minimum wage enforcement, and job classifications.
  • The flexibility of gig work can lead to overworking and difficulty in maintaining a work-life balance, as the lines between personal and professional time can become blurred.
  • Gig workers can be vulnerable to exploitation, including low pay, long hours, and lack of proper working conditions, without sufficient oversight and protection
  • Gig workers may miss out on the social interactions and support networks that come with traditional workplaces, leading to feelings of isolation and lack of community
  • There are limited opportunities for career advancement, professional development, and skill enhancement in the gig economy
  • Gig workers often lack access to training and development programs that can help them improve their skills and advance their careers
  • Gig workers are usually responsible for managing their own taxes, which can be complex and burdensome without proper knowledge and resources
  • Reliance on digital platforms and technology can pose challenges, including the need for constant internet access and the risk of being affected by platform changes or technical issues
  • Without formal workplace regulations, gig workers may face unsafe working conditions and lack proper health and safety protections
 
 
For Prelims: Gig Economy
For Mains: GS III- Gig Economy and Associated Problems around
 
 
Source: Indianexpress
 
 

STRAIT OF HORMUZ

 
 
1. Context
 
Two liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) carriers, Shivalik and Nanda Devi, have crossed the Strait of Hormuz and are headed to India, Rajesh Kumar Sinha, Special Secretary at Ministry of Shipping and Waterways, said at an inter-ministerial press briefing here Friday
 
2. What is the Strait of Hormuz?
 

  • The Strait of Hormuz is a strategically significant and narrow maritime passage situated between Iran and Oman, serving as a link between the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and the Arabian Sea. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) has labeled it as the world’s most vital oil transit chokepoint, through which nearly 20% of global liquid petroleum fuels and a substantial portion of LNG trade pass. In May, more than 45% of India’s crude oil imports were estimated to have transited through this strait. Given that India is the third-largest consumer of crude oil globally and imports over 85% of its oil needs, the strait plays a crucial role in its energy security.

  • Data from the commodity analytics firm Kpler indicates that, as of June, India has been importing over 2.2 million barrels per day (bpd) of crude oil from Russia, which constitutes more than 41% of its total oil imports.

  • While oil imports from the U.S. have shown a steady rise, supplies from West Asian nations such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Kuwait have remained relatively consistent. Many of these shipments were likely planned prior to the recent escalation in tensions between Israel and Iran, and therefore, may not reflect the impact of the current geopolitical developments.

  • Over the past two to three years, India has notably adjusted its oil import strategy. Russia has emerged as India’s top crude supplier, overtaking traditional exporters from West Asia. Importantly, Russian oil bypasses the Strait of Hormuz, as it is mainly transported via alternative sea routes like the Suez Canal and Red Sea, and sometimes through the Cape of Good Hope or Pacific Ocean routes.

 
3. Why is the Strait of Hormuz strategically important for India?
 

  • India’s current oil procurement approach already demonstrates a diversified and risk-mitigated strategy, especially in light of uncertainties in West Asian oil routes, with Russian crude now making up the largest share of India’s import basket.

  • After recent U.S. air strikes targeting Iranian nuclear sites, Iran’s parliament passed a resolution on Sunday advocating the closure of the Strait of Hormuz, a vital corridor for global oil transportation. The final decision on this move now lies with Iran’s Supreme National Security Council.

  • Although Iran has repeatedly issued threats in the past to shut the strait, it has never acted on them. Even in the present context, industry analysts consider the likelihood of an actual blockade to be low. Nevertheless, the increased risk perception surrounding the potential closure is expected to trigger global alarm, including in India, by raising concerns over the security of oil and gas supplies and potentially driving up global energy prices.

 
4.How does the Israel-Iran conflict pose a threat to global oil and gas flows?
 
 
  • The Israel-Iran conflict poses a significant threat to global oil and gas flows due to the geopolitical sensitivity and strategic location of the region. At the heart of this issue lies the Strait of Hormuz—a narrow but crucial maritime passage through which nearly 20% of the world’s petroleum and a substantial share of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are transported.
  • Iran borders this strait and has, over the years, repeatedly threatened to block it during periods of heightened tension, including in response to military actions or sanctions.
  • When hostilities between Israel and Iran escalate—such as through air strikes, proxy conflicts, or cyber warfare—it increases the likelihood of retaliation from Iran that could involve disrupting maritime traffic in the Strait of Hormuz.
  • Even if Iran does not fully close the strait, the mere threat or perception of such an action is enough to cause volatility in global energy markets. Tanker insurance rates rise, shipping routes are reconsidered, and countries heavily dependent on oil imports, like India, become increasingly vulnerable to supply disruptions and price shocks.
  • Furthermore, any military conflict in this region risks damaging key infrastructure such as refineries, pipelines, or export terminals in the broader West Asian region.
  • This would constrain oil production and distribution, affecting both the availability and price of crude oil and gas worldwide. Global markets respond quickly to these risks, often resulting in immediate spikes in prices due to concerns over supply security.
  • In summary, the Israel-Iran conflict amplifies the risk to global oil and gas flows by potentially destabilizing a region that is central to global energy supply chains. It heightens fears of supply disruptions, increases market speculation, and threatens the economic stability of energy-importing countries, making it a matter of both geopolitical and economic concern
 
For Prelims: Strait of Hormuz,  Persian Gulf, Energy Information Administration (EIA), liquefied natural gas (LNG)
 
For Mains: General Studies II: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.
 
Previous Year Questions
 

1.Which one of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line? (UPSC CSE 2008)

(a) Malacca Strait

(b) Bering Strait

(c) Strait of Florida

(d) Strait of Gibraltar

Answer (b)

The International Date Line (IDL) roughly follows the 180° longitude, which lies in the Pacific Ocean, deviating slightly to accommodate international boundaries.

The Bering Strait lies between Russia and Alaska, and it is very close to the 180° meridian, making it the closest strait to the International Date Line.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

  • Malacca Strait – Lies between Malaysia and Indonesia, far west of the IDL.

  • Strait of Florida – Lies between the U.S. (Florida) and Cuba, in the Atlantic Ocean.

  • Strait of Gibraltar – Connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, between Spain and Morocco, far from the IDL.
Source: Indianexpress
 
 

SECOND-GENERATION NAVIC SATELLITE

 
 

1. Context 

The last atomic clock aboard the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)-1F has failed, the Indian Space Research Organisation has said in a statement. This further weakens the country’s indigenous “GPS” system, called NavIC

2. Key Takeaways

  • Each of the seven satellites currently in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) Constellation, operationally named NavIC, weighed much less around 1, 425 kg at liftoff.
  • They all rode the lighter Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), ISRO's workhorse launch rocket.
  • The last IRNSS Satellite, IRNSS-1I, was launched in April 2018 to replace an older, partially defunct satellite in the constellation.
  • IRNSS-1I was ISRO's ninth satellite for the NavIC constellation but is considered to be the eighth because the IRNSS-1H launched eight months earlier in August 2017 and originally intended to replace the older satellite was lost after the heat shield of the payload failed to open on time.
Image source: ISRO

3. About the second generation NavIC satellite

  • The second-generation satellite christened NVS-01, the first of ISRO's NVS series of payloads is heavier. Other than that:
    Atomic Clock: The satellite will have a Rubidium atomic clock onboard, a significant technology developed by India.
  • The Space-qualified Rubidium Atomic clock indigenously developed by Space Application Centre-Ahmedabad is an important technology which only a handful of countries possess.
  • L1 signals for better use in wearable devices: The Second-generation satellites will send signals in a third frequency, L1, besides the L5 and S frequency signals that the existing satellites provide, increasing interoperability with other satellite-based navigation systems.
  • The L1 frequency is among the most commonly used in the Global Positioning System (GPS) and will increase the use of the regional navigation system in wearable devices and personal trackers that use low-power, single-frequency chips.
  • Longer mission life:  The second-generation satellites will also have a longer mission life of more than 12 years. The existing satellites have a mission life of 10 years.

4. Significance of the atomic clock on board the NVS-01 payload

  • Several of the existing satellites stopped providing location data after their onboard atomic clocks failed this was the main reason for the launch of the replacement satellite in 2018.
  • Since a satellite-based positioning system determines the location of objects by accurately measuring the time it takes for a signal to travel to and back from it using the atomic clocks on board, the failure of clocks means the satellites are no longer able to provide accurate locations.
  • Currently, only four IRNSS satellites can provide location services, according to ISRO officials.
  • The other satellites can only be used for messaging services such as providing disaster warnings or potential fishing zone messages for fishermen.

5. The age of the satellites

  • This is the second major concern, besides the failing atomic clocks.
  • IRNSS-1A was launched into orbit on July 1, 2013, and the 1B and 1C satellites were launched the following year.
  • 1A is almost defunct- the failed 1H mission of 2018 was intended to replace this satellite and all the three oldest satellites in the constellation are close to the end of their 10-year mission lives.
  • At least three new satellites must be put into orbit to keep the seven-satellite constellation fully functional.

6. NAvIC constellation 

  • ISRO has been criticised by experts for not focussing on the development of the user segment until very late in the life of some of the satellites in the constellation.
  • No receivers were developed for the NavIC system, even though the satellites were sending signals.
    A 2018 report by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India said that even though the Cabinet cleared funding of Rs 200 crores to develop user receivers in 2006, work on the project started only in March 2017, by which time seven launches had already taken place.
  • The receivers have now been developed and NavIC is in use for projects like public vehicle safety, power grid synchronisation, real-time train information systems and fishermen's safety.
  • Other upcoming initiatives such as common alert protocol-based emergency warning, time dissemination, geodetic network, and unmanned aerial vehicles are in the process of adopting the NavIC system.
  • Some cell phone chipsets such as the ones built by Qualcomm and Media Tek integrated NavIC receivers in 2019.
  • The Ministry of Electronics and IT is in talks with smartphone companies to urge them to make their handsets NavIC compatible.

7. Advantage of having a regional navigation system

  • India is the only country that has a regional satellite-based navigation system.
  • There are four global satellite-based navigation systems the American GPS, the Russian GLONASS (GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema), the European Galileo and the Chinese Beidou.
  • Japan has a four-satellite system that can augment GPS signals over the country, similar to India's GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation).
  • Once fully operational with ground stations outside India for better triangulation of signals NavIC open signals will be accurate up to 5 meters and restricted signals will be even more accurate.
  • GPS signals by contrast are accurate up to around 20 meters. Work is underway to set up ground stations in Japan, France and Russia.
  • NavIC provides coverage over the Indian landmass and up to a radius of 1, 500 km around it.
  • In this region, NavIC signals will likely be available in even hard-to-reach areas.
  • Unlike GPS, NavIC uses satellites in high geo-stationery orbit the satellites move at a constant speed relative to Earth, so they are always looking over the same region on Earth.
  • NavIC signals come to India at a 90-degree angle, making it easier for them to reach devices located even in congested areas, dense forests or mountains.
  • GPS Signals are received over India at an angle.
  • With the use of NavIC picking up, the government has been looking at the possibility of increasing the coverage area of the system.
For Prelims: NavIC, Indian Space Research Organisation, GSLV, PSLV, IRNSS, GLONASS, GPS, GAGAN, Galileo, Beidou, 
For Mains: 
1.  What is NavIC? Explain the advantage of having a regional navigation system. (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
2. IRNSS covers entire India and about 5500 sq. km beyond its borders.
3. India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2019.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
A. 1 only     B. 1 and 2 only     C.  2 and 3 only        D. None
 
Answer: A
 
2. Full form of NavIC is : (CGPSC 2022) 
A. Navigation without International Control
B. Navigation with Indian Constellation
C. Navigation with Indian Coastal
D. Navigation with Indian Cooperation
 
Answer: B
 
3. ISRO is related to (SSC JE EE  2020) 
A. space research
B. agricultural research
C. seed research
D. marine research
 
Answer: A
 
4. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:  (UPSC  2018) 
1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four- staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
A. 1 only                  B. 2 and 3             C. 1 and 2                    D.  3 only
 
Answer: A
 
5. In which of the following areas can GPS technology be used? (UPSC 2018)
1. Mobile phone operations
2. Banking operations
3. Controlling the power grids
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only    B. 2 and 3 only   C.  1 and 3 only      D.  1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: D
 
 Source: The Indian Express
 
 

OBC CREAMY LAYER

 
 
1. Context
On March 11, the Supreme Court ruled that parental income alone cannot be the sole determinant of whether an Other Backward Classes (OBC) candidate falls under the ‘creamy layer’ category
 
2.History of reservation
 
  • Articles 15 and 16 ensure that all citizens are treated equally under government policies and in public employment.
  • To promote social justice, these articles also allow for special provisions aimed at uplifting socially and educationally disadvantaged groups such as Other Backward Classes (OBC), Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST).
  • Specifically, SCs and STs are allocated reservations of 15% and 7.5% respectively in central government jobs, educational institutions, and public sector enterprises.
  • In 1990, during V. P. Singh's tenure as Prime Minister, a 27% reservation for OBCs was introduced in central government jobs based on the Mandal Commission's recommendations from 1980.
  • Later, in 2005, reservations for OBCs, SCs, and STs were extended to educational institutions, including private ones. Additionally, in 2019, a 10% reservation was introduced for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) within the general category
 
3. What is Creamy Layer?
 
  • In the Indra Sawhney case (1992), the Supreme Court affirmed the 27% reservation for OBCs, acknowledging that caste serves as a class determinant in the Indian context.
  • However, to maintain the fundamental principle of equality, the Court imposed a 50% cap on total reservations, allowing exceptions only under special circumstances. The Court also mandated the exclusion of the 'creamy layer' within the OBC category.
  • The criteria for identifying individuals as part of the creamy layer are based on the recommendations of the Justice Ram Nandan Prasad Committee (1993).
  • This determination relies solely on the income or position of an applicant’s parents. To be considered part of the creamy layer, an applicant's parental income, excluding salary and agricultural earnings, must exceed ₹8 lakh annually for each of the last three financial years.
  • Additionally, the creamy layer includes individuals whose parents: (a) entered government service as Group A/Class I officers or both entered as Group B/Class II officers, or if the father was promoted from a Group B/Class II post to Group A/Class I before the age of 40; (b) are employed in managerial roles in public sector undertakings (PSUs); or (c) hold constitutional positions
 
 
4. Challenges
  • Recent controversies have highlighted flaws in the reservation process. There are claims that some individuals secure Non-Creamy Layer (NCL) or Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) certificates through questionable methods.
  • Similar concerns are raised about disability certificates, which are used to claim the 4% reservation for people with disabilities in central government positions.
  • There are also allegations of individuals and their families circumventing the creamy layer exclusion by employing tactics such as transferring assets or opting for early retirement, since the income of the applicant’s spouse is not factored into the creamy layer criteria.
  • Another contentious point is the uneven distribution of reservation benefits. The Rohini Commission, tasked with recommending sub-categorization among OBC castes, reported that approximately 97% of reserved positions and seats in educational institutions are occupied by only 25% of OBC castes/sub-castes at the central level.
  • About 1,000 of the 2,600 OBC communities have no representation in jobs or educational institutions. A similar issue of uneven distribution exists within the SC and ST categories, which do not have a creamy layer exclusion.
  • Currently, the reservation percentage stands at 60%, including the EWS quota. Given the current societal dynamics, this higher percentage is deemed necessary. Government responses in Parliament reveal that 40-50% of seats reserved for OBC, SC, and ST categories in central government roles often remain unfilled
 
5. Way Forward
 
The primary focus should be on addressing the gaps in the issuance of Non-Creamy Layer (NCL), Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), and disability certificates. It is crucial to implement rigorous checks to ensure that only qualified individuals receive these benefits.
Efforts should be made to fill vacancies for reserved categories without any backlog. Additionally, sub-categorization within reservations might be necessary to correct the underrepresentation or lack of representation of various communities. Consideration could also be given to applying creamy layer exclusion within the SC and ST categories, at least for the children of Group I/Class A government officials. While these are complex and sensitive issues with arguments both for and against such proposals, initiating discussions with all relevant stakeholders is important. This approach would help ensure that reservation benefits more effectively reach the most marginalized groups across generations
 
 
For Prelims: Rohini Commission, OBC, National Commission for Backward Classes, Hukum Singh Committee, B.P. Mandal Commission,  Kaka Kalelkar Commission, 
For Mains: 
1. "Discuss the significance of caste enumeration and subcategorization of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in the context of India's reservation policies. How does it impact social equity and representation?" (250 Words)
2.  Critically assess the role of the Mandal Commission and subsequent commissions in addressing the issue of OBC reservation and subcategorization. Discuss the challenges and opportunities in implementing subcategorization policies.  (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions

1. Consider the following organizations/bodies in India: (UPSC 2023)

  1. The National Commission for Backward Classes
  2. The National Human Rights Commission
  3. The National Law Commission
  4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

How many of the above constitutional bodies?

(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four

Answer: A

2. The First Backward Classes Commission was chaired by: (Dehli Police Constable 2020) (TNPSC Group 1)

A. V.P. Singh     B. PG Shah        C. Kaka Kalelkar       D. Anup Singh

Answer: C
 
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL (LAC)

 
 
1.Context
China has constructed 72% of its 628 Xiaokang, or “well-off villages,” near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in northeastern states, with 90% in Arunachal Pradesh.
Pic credits: TRT WORLD
 
2.About Line of Actual Control (LAC)
  • The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the de facto boundary that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. Unlike a formally demarcated international border, it is not clearly marked on the ground or mutually agreed upon in precise terms by both countries. The concept of the LAC emerged after the 1962 India-China war, when hostilities ended without a final settlement of the border dispute.
  • Stretching for about 3,488 kilometers, the LAC runs through three main sectors: the western sector in Ladakh, the middle sector covering parts of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the eastern sector that spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.
  • Each side has its own perception of where the LAC lies, which often leads to overlapping claims and occasional standoffs between Indian and Chinese troops. The absence of a mutually recognized border has made this line one of the most sensitive and contested frontiers in the world.
  • Over the years, both countries have signed various agreements to maintain peace and tranquillity along the LAC, emphasizing restraint and confidence-building measures. However, due to differing interpretations of the line, confrontations and incursions have continued to occur.
  • The recent clashes, particularly in eastern Ladakh in 2020, highlighted the fragile nature of the arrangement and the pressing need for a clearer understanding between the two sides.
  • Thus, the LAC represents more than just a boundary; it is a reflection of unresolved historical disputes and ongoing geopolitical tensions. While it serves as the working line that separates the territories under Indian and Chinese control, its ambiguous character keeps it at the center of India-China relations
It is divided into three sectors:
 
The eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim,
The middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and the western sector in Ladakh
 
3.The disagreement
  • The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is along the 1914 McMahon Line, and there are minor disputes about the positions on the ground as per the principle of the high Himalayan watershed
  • This pertains to India’s international boundary as well, but for certain areas such as Longju and Asaphila
  • The line in the middle sector is the least controversial but for the precise alignment to be followed in the Barahoti plains.
  • The major disagreements are in the western sector where the LAC emerged from two letters written by Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai to PM Jawaharlal Nehru in 1959, after he had first mentioned such a ‘line’ in 1956.
  • In his letter, Zhou said the LAC consisted of “the so-called McMahon Line in the east and the line up to which each side exercises actual control in the west”
  • After the 1962 War, the Chinese claimed they had withdrawn to 20 km behind the LAC of November 1959
  • During the Doklam crisis in 2017, the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson urged India to abide by the “1959 LAC”
  • India rejected the concept of LAC in both 1959 and 1962. Even during the war, Nehru was unequivocal: “There is no sense or meaning in the Chinese offer to withdraw twenty kilometres from what they call ‘line of actual control’
4.India's agreement to LAC
  • LAC was discussed during Chinese Premier Li Peng’s 1991 visit to India, where PM P V Narasimha Rao and Li reached an understanding to maintain peace and tranquillity at the LAC. 
  • India formally accepted the concept of the LAC when Rao paid a return visit to Beijing in 1993 and the two sides signed the Agreement to Maintain Peace and Tranquillity at the LAC
  • The reference to the LAC was unqualified to make it clear that it was not referring to the LAC of 1959 or 1962 but to the LAC at the time when the agreement was signed
  • To reconcile the differences about some areas, the two countries agreed that the Joint Working Group on the border issue would take up the task of clarifying the alignment of the LAC
5. How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?
  • The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War. It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
  • The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept – it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.
  • The Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China and the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan are both contested frontiers, but they differ fundamentally in their origin, status, and legal recognition.
  • The LAC is not an internationally agreed boundary; it is simply the line that separates the territories controlled by India and China after the 1962 war. It came into existence informally as the ground reality of troop positions after hostilities, and while both countries recognize its existence, they do not agree on its precise alignment.
  • This makes the LAC fluid and ambiguous, often leading to different interpretations and military face-offs. It is essentially a de facto line, with no official international recognition or treaty-based acceptance.
  • In contrast, the LoC is a formally delineated line that divides the territories of India and Pakistan in Jammu and Kashmir. It originated from the ceasefire line drawn after the first India-Pakistan war of 1947–48, and was given its current name under the 1972 Simla Agreement.
  • Unlike the LAC, the LoC is demarcated on maps, jointly surveyed, and broadly agreed upon by both sides, even though the underlying sovereignty dispute over Jammu and Kashmir remains unresolved.
  • The LoC is under constant military monitoring, heavily fortified, and frequently the site of ceasefire violations, but it has legal standing as part of an international agreement.
  • To put it simply, the LAC is undefined and disputed in interpretation, while the LoC is defined and agreed upon, though still contested in terms of territorial claims. The LAC reflects ambiguity and lack of settlement between India and China, whereas the LoC represents a ceasefire line formally negotiated between India and Pakistan

 

6. Way Forward

The two leaders met on the sidelines of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit here — this is Modi’s first visit to China in seven years. The two sides agreed on a “fair, reasonable and mutually acceptable resolution” of the border issue, and flagged the importance of a multipolar world, free trade and “role of their two economies to stabilise world trade

 

For Prelims: LAC, LOC

For Mains:

1.What is this ‘line of control’? Is this the line China have created by aggression. Comment

2.What we know about the clash between Indian and Chinese soldiers in Arunachal Pradesh

 

Previous Year Questions

1.The Line of Actual Control (LAC) separates  (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2020)

A.India and Pakistan

B.India and Afghanistan

C.India and Nepal

D.India and China

Answer (D)

2.LAC (Line of Actual Control) is an effective border between India and ______. (SSC CHSL 2020)

A.Pakistan

B.Bhutan

C.Sri Lanka

D.China

Answer (D)
 
 
 
Source:indianexpress
 
 

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (DPSP)

 
 
1. Context 
 
 
Backing a Uniform Civil Code (UCC), the Supreme Court said Tuesday that it is the “most effective answer” to usher in equality in inheritance laws, rather than the court striking down allegedly discriminatory personal law provisions and causing ambiguities
 
2. About the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
 

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are a set of guidelines or principles laid down in Part IV  (Articles 36-51) of the Constitution of India. The source of the concept of DPSP is the Spanish Constitution from which it came in the Irish Constitution. These principles aim to provide a framework for governance and policy-making by outlining the socio-economic goals that the state should strive to achieve. While the DPSP are not legally enforceable by courts, they serve as fundamental guidelines for the government while formulating policies and enacting laws.

Key features of the Directive Principles of State Policy include:

  • The DPSP emphasize the promotion of social justice by ensuring equal opportunities and equitable distribution of resources. They advocate for the elimination of inequalities based on caste, religion, race, or sex.
  • The DPSP focus on the welfare of the citizens, including provisions for adequate standard of living, healthcare, education, and social security. They aim to improve the quality of life and promote the well-being of all individuals.
  • Some DPSPs reflect the principles advocated by Mahatma Gandhi, such as promoting cottage industries, village panchayats, and decentralized governance. These principles emphasize self-sufficiency, rural development, and community participation.
  • The DPSP encourage the promotion of international peace and cooperation, advocating for peaceful relations with other countries and adherence to international law and agreements.
  • In recent years, environmental protection has been recognized as an important aspect of the DPSP. The principles emphasize the conservation of natural resources, sustainable development, and protection of the environment for future generations.
 
3. The difference between DPSPs and Fundamental Rights
 
 
Features Fundamental Rights DPSPs
Nature Justiciable (Enforceable by courts) Non-justiciable (Not enforceable by courts)
Enforceability Citizens can directly enforce against the state Cannot be directly enforced by individuals
Purpose Protect individual liberties, ensure justice Outline socio-economic goals for the state
Subject Matter Focus on civil liberties Cover broader socio-economic issues
Legal Status Explicitly provided in Part III of the Constitution

Enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution
 
 
4. The various ideological principles of DPSP
 

Directives based on Socialist Principles

  1. Article 38 Promotion of welfare by securing social, economic, and political justice and minimizing inequalities.
  2. Articles 39 Policies directed towards securing adequate livelihood, common good in resource ownership, wealth distribution, equal pay, worker protection, and prevention of child exploitation.
  3. Article 41 Ensuring the right to work, education, and public assistance.
  4. Article 42 Provision for just and humane working conditions and maternity relief.
  5. Article 43 Endeavor to secure a living wage and decent standard of life for workers.
  6. Article 43A Steps to ensure workers' participation in industry management.
  7. Article 47 Improvement of nutrition, living standards, and public health.

Directives based on Gandhian Principles

  1. Article 40 Organization of village panchayats for self-government.
  2. Article 43 Promotion of cottage industries in rural areas.
  3. Article 43B Encouragement of cooperative societies with democratic control.
  4. Article 46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of weaker sections.
  5. Article 47 Improvement of public health and prohibition of harmful substances.
  6. Article 48 Prohibition of cow slaughter and improvement of cattle breeds.

Directives based on Liberal-Intellectual Principles

  1. Article 44 Endeavors to secure a Uniform Civil Code.
  2. Article 45 Provision of early childhood care and education.
  3. Article 48 Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern lines.
  4. Article 48A Protection and improvement of the environment and wildlife.
  5. Article 49 Protection of monuments and places of artistic or historic interest.
  6. Article 50 Separation of the judiciary from the executive.
  7. Article 51 Promotion of international peace and security through diplomatic means.

Amendments in DPSP

  1. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976 Introduced provisions for free legal aid to the poor and workers' participation in industry management.
  2. The 44th Constitutional Amendment, 1978 Declared the state's aim to minimize economic inequalities and eliminated the Right to Property from Fundamental Rights.
  3. The 86th Amendment Act of 2002 Made elementary education a fundamental right under Article 21A.

 

5. How Article 31(c) is related to DPSP?

 

  • Article 31(c) of the Indian Constitution is related to the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the sense that it seeks to reconcile conflicts between certain Fundamental Rights and DPSPs.
  • Article 31(c) was introduced by the 25th Amendment Act, 1971, and it aims to give precedence to certain DPSPs over specific Fundamental Rights, particularly those related to property rights.
  • Article 31(c) states that if a law is made to give effect to any of the DPSPs enumerated in clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39 (which pertain to equitable distribution of resources and operation of the economic system), then such a law cannot be invalidated because it violates Article 14 (Right to Equality) or Article 19 (Right to Freedom) of the Constitution.
  • In essence, Article 31(c) provides a mechanism for the state to enact laws aimed at achieving socio-economic objectives outlined in the DPSPs, even if those laws infringe upon certain Fundamental Rights, particularly regarding property rights.
  • This provision underscores the principle that while Fundamental Rights are crucial, there may be circumstances where the state's pursuit of socio-economic justice takes precedence over individual property rights.

 

6. The constitutional provisions of Articles 14, 19, 31(c), 39(b), and 39(c)

 

Article 14: Right to Equality

  • Guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the law to all persons within the territory of India.
  • Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
  • Ensures equal opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents discrimination in access to public places.

Article 19: Right to Freedom

  • Provides six freedoms to citizens, including freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession, occupation, trade, or business.
  • Subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by the state in the interest of sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency, or morality, or contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offence.

Article 31(c): Saving of Laws Providing for Acquisition of Estates, etc.

  • Specifies that laws enacted to implement the Directive Principles of State Policy enumerated in clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39 cannot be invalidated because they contravene the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14 and 19.
  • Gives precedence to certain DPSPs over specific Fundamental Rights, particularly those related to property rights.

Article 39(b): Principles of Policy to be followed by the State

  • Directs the state to ensure that the ownership and control of material resources of the community are so distributed as to best serve the common good.
  • Promotes equitable distribution of resources and prevents the concentration of wealth in a few hands.

Article 39(c): Principles of Policy to be followed by the State

  • Requires the state to direct its policies towards securing that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.
  • Emphasizes the prevention of the concentration of wealth and the equitable distribution of economic resources for the common good.

 

7. The Way Forward

 

A transparent and inclusive approach to addressing the issues surrounding Article 31(c) will be essential to uphold the integrity of the Constitution, safeguard individual rights, and promote the socio-economic welfare of all citizens. By engaging in informed discourse and collaborative decision-making, stakeholders can contribute to strengthening India's constitutional framework and advancing the principles of justice, equality, and democratic governance.

 

For Prelims: Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Rights, Article 14, Article 31, Article 19, 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 86th Constitutional Amendment Act

For Mains: 
1. Critically examine the relationship between Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) and Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. Discuss the challenges arising from Article 31(c) and suggest a way forward. (250 words)
2. The DPSPs draw upon various ideological principles. Explain the influence of Socialist, Gandhian, and liberal intellectual principles on specific DPSP Articles. How do these principles contribute to achieving social and economic justice in India? (250 words)

 

Previous Year Questions

1. Under the Indian Constitution, concentration of wealth is the violation of  (UPSC 2021) 
A. Right to Equality
B. Directive Principles of State Policy
C. Right to Freedom
D. Concept of Welfare
 
2. Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India, as it stands amended, includes which of the following? (CDS 01/2022)
1. Freedom of speech and expression
2. Assemble peaceably and without arms
3. To acquire and dispose property
4. To move freely throughout the territory of India
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 2 only          B. 1, 2, 3 and 4           C. 4 only            D. 1, 2 and 4 only
 
3. Article 19 of the Indian Constitution includes which of the following right? (DSSSB LDC 2019)
A. Right to Constitutional Remedies
B. Right against exploitation
C. Right to freedom of speech and expression
D. Right to freedom of Religion
 
4. Which of the following Articles in the Constitution of India are exceptions to the Fundamental Rights enumerated in Article 14 and Article 19? (CDS GK 2020) 
A. Article 31A and Article 31C
B. Article 31B and Article 31D
C. Article 12 and Article 13
D. Article 16 and Article 17
 
5. Article related to compulsory acquisition of property has been omitted now from the Indian constitution. What is the number of this article? (SSC CHSL 2023) 
A. 31D         B. 31        C. 31B           D. 31A
 
6. The First Amendment Act of the Constitution of India came up in ______. (SSC CGL 2022) A. 1954          B. 1951          C. 1952          D. 1953
 
7. In India, which one of the following Constitutional Amendments was widely believed to be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of the Fundamental Rights? (UPSC 2023)
A. 1st Amendment
B. 42nd Amendment
C. 44th Amendment
D. 86th Amendment
 
Answers: 1-B, 2-D, 3-C, 4-A, 5- B, 6-B, 7-A

Source: The Indian Express

 

 

BRICS

 

1. Context

A day after Iran reached out to Delhi for a statement on behalf of BRICS, currently chaired by India, condemning the US and Israeli strikes, the External Affairs Ministry said on Saturday that it has been difficult to forge a consensus on the issue because of involvement of BRICS member countries in the ongoing conflict.

2. BRICS

  • The BRICS alliance, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has evolved from an economic consortium to a multifaceted geopolitical force.
  • Emerging economies with considerable potential, these countries together form a collective that challenges traditional power dynamics and fosters cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.

Formation and Evolution

  • BRICS was officially established in 2006, with the objective of fostering economic growth, development, and cooperation among member nations.
  • Over time, it has transformed into a platform for addressing a broader spectrum of global challenges, encompassing political, security, and social concerns alongside economic issues.
3.Push back against liberal international order 
 
  • A core principle in international relations is the absence of a central global authority. While nations may come to agreements on certain rules, there’s no global body with the power to universally enforce them. Scholars often refer to this as an “anarchic system”—not because it's chaotic, but because there is no supreme governing structure overseeing international conduct.
  • States primarily pursue their national interests. Although collaboration between countries is possible, it tends to be unstable. Power dynamics are crucial—stronger nations usually assert their will, while weaker ones often have limited choices, echoing themes from the Melian Dialogue in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. Global power is unevenly shared, and those who hold more influence often shape international norms to benefit themselves.
  • Following World War II, the Western powers—led by the United States—established the liberal international order. This system, built through institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO, mirrored Western ideals such as market liberalism, democratic governance, and the central role of the US dollar in global finance.
  • This framework functioned effectively for the Western world for decades. However, in the current century, many countries are beginning to question the relevance of a system rooted in the post-1945 era.
  • While rising nations like China, India, Brazil, and South Africa once accepted this order, they are now challenging it due to shifting economic power and the emergence of a multipolar world. The BRICS group has become the most prominent symbol of this growing resistance
4. De-dollarisation and global power shift 
 
  • One of the strongest themes to emerge from the BRICS summit in Brazil was the push toward de-dollarisation. While the term may sound technical, its implications are heavily political.
  • This concept has been gaining momentum over the years, but recent developments—particularly the use of financial systems as tools for sanctions—have made it more urgent. Currently, global trade and finance rely heavily on the US dollar.
  • For example, India typically pays in dollars when importing oil from Russia, Brazil often borrows in dollars, and China's overseas investments usually pass through dollar-based networks like SWIFT. This entrenched dependence grants the US both economic power and political influence.
  • During the Brazil summit, BRICS nations revisited the proposal of creating a common currency—not as an immediate goal, but as a statement of direction. In the short term, they are encouraging trade using their own national currencies.
  • Russia and China now conduct the majority of their bilateral trade in roubles and yuan. India has started settling some payments with countries like Iran and Sri Lanka in rupees, and has begun conducting oil transactions with the UAE in rupees and dirhams.
  • The New Development Bank, established by BRICS, is also moving toward issuing loans in local currencies to minimize reliance on the dollar. This shift is not just about cutting transaction fees—it's about gaining independence from a financial system that many nations in the Global South feel is skewed against their interests.
  • The path toward de-dollarisation will be challenging. The US dollar continues to dominate global finance due to its stability, global trust, and the strength of America’s financial infrastructure.
  • However, the repeated calls by BRICS for alternatives reflect a growing dissatisfaction. While this transition won’t happen quickly, the direction is clear: reduce dependency on a system largely controlled by Washington
5. South-South Cooperation
 
  • BRICS positions itself as a collective voice for nations that were excluded from shaping the global order established after World War II. It portrays itself as an advocate for the Global South, promoting equitable development, more inclusive trade frameworks, and the restructuring of major international institutions.
  • Unlike the IMF or World Bank, the New Development Bank (NDB) provides financing without the usual political conditions. BRICS members are also collaborating on joint ventures in sectors like infrastructure and renewable energy.
  • There have also been discussions about setting up a BRICS-led credit rating agency to reduce reliance on dominant Western agencies. The group consistently calls for changes to institutions such as the UN Security Council and the World Bank, aiming to amplify the influence of emerging economies.
  • Within BRICS, countries like Brazil, India, and South Africa act as intermediaries. As democratic nations with expanding economies, they are often seen as relatable leaders among developing states.
  • China contributes significant financial resources and geopolitical clout, while Russia, increasingly distanced from Western alliances, is seeking closer ties with non-Western countries.
  • This drive to create new systems and mechanisms stems from a common dissatisfaction with a global order that many feel does not account for the realities and needs of the developing world. BRICS is not only advocating for policy reforms but also striving to reshape global perceptions of development and leadership

6. Geopolitical Relevance

  • Counterbalance to Western Influence: BRICS serves as a counterweight to the dominance of Western powers. The coalition's diverse representation from different regions empowers non-Western countries to assert their interests on the global stage.
  • Global South Unity: BRICS resonates with many countries in the Global South that seek a voice in international affairs. It presents an alternative to the traditional Western-dominated institutions, offering a platform for collaboration and advocacy.

7. Economic Cooperation and Growth

  • Economic Powerhouses: Collectively, BRICS nations account for a substantial portion of the world's population and GDP. Their economic potential has led to discussions on reforming global financial institutions to better reflect contemporary realities.
  • Intra-BRICS Trade: Trade among BRICS members has grown significantly. Initiatives like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) bolster financial cooperation and stability within the group.

8. Geopolitical Challenges and Opportunities

  • Diverse Interests: As BRICS expands and diversifies, differing geopolitical interests may arise, potentially leading to internal divisions. However, this diversity also presents opportunities for creative solutions to global challenges.
  • Diplomatic Outreach: BRICS engages with other regional and international organizations, strengthening its influence. The expansion of the group's membership underscores its growing geopolitical relevance.

9. India's Role and Beyond

  • India's Diplomacy: India has played an active role within BRICS, emphasizing issues such as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, and climate change. Its strategic partnerships contribute to the coalition's expansion and its influence in shaping its direction.
  • Global Impact: BRICS expansion into a broader coalition incorporating West Asian countries like Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE signifies a deliberate shift towards greater global political relevance. This expansion highlights BRICS' adaptability to changing geopolitical dynamics.

10. BRICS New Members Dynamics

  • Unanimous Decisions: BRICS decisions require unanimous agreement, reflecting collective decision-making.
  • Geopolitical Partnerships: While Russia and China confront West-related challenges, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain significant partnerships with the US and Europe.
  • China's Expansion Drive: China spearheads BRICS expansion, prioritizing membership growth.
  • Inclusion of Iran: China and Russia's influence is seen in Iran's inclusion, showcasing their collaboration.
  • Mediation Efforts: China's role reconciles rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran within the alliance.
  • Saudi Arabia's Shift: Saudi Arabia's entry signifies a move towards an independent foreign policy, diverging from the US alliance.
  • Global Significance for Russia and Iran: BRICS membership elevates Russia and Iran's global partnerships, challenging Western dominance.

11. Implications for India

  • Strategic Role: India played a lead role in drafting BRICS membership criteria, demonstrating its strategic influence within the alliance.
  • Expanded Influence: The inclusion of new members who are strategic partners of India enhances its influence within BRICS.
  • Geopolitical Balancing: BRICS expansion allows India to navigate between its ties with the West and its position within this non-Western coalition.
  • Global Advocacy: With more representation and diverse members, India can push for UN reforms and increased Global South representation.
  • Diplomatic Challenges: India might need to exert more effort to assert its influence in an alliance with a wider range of members and potential competing interests.
  • Economic Opportunities: Collaboration with economically strong members like China can lead to enhanced trade and investment prospects for India.
For Prelims: BRICS, Global South Unity, Western Influence, New Development Bank (NDB), and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the Implications of BRICS' Expansion for India's Geopolitical Positioning and Influence within the Alliance.
2. Analyze India's Role in Shaping BRICS' Membership Criteria and Its Strategic Significance in the Expanded Coalition.
 

Previous year Questions

1. With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014)
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
 
2. With reference to BRIC countries, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. At present, China's GDP is more than the combined GDP of all three other countries.
2. China's population is more than the combined population of any two other countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
 
3. The 'Fortaleza Declaration', recently in the news, is related to the affairs of  (UPSC 2015)
A. ASEAN
B. BRICS
C. OECD
D. WTO
Answer: B
Source: The Hindu
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