SCHEDULED CASTE LIST
1. Context
The Supreme Court on Tuesday held in a judgment that a person professing any religion other than Hinduism, Buddhism, or Sikhism should not be considered a member of a Schedule Caste community.
2.What is the Scheduled Caste list?
The Scheduled Caste (SC) list is an official designation given by the Indian government to certain historically disadvantaged and marginalized communities in India. These communities are identified based on social, economic, and educational criteria. The SC list is part of India's affirmative action policy aimed at providing social justice and equal opportunities to those who have faced historical discrimination and social exclusion.
Here are key aspects of the Scheduled Caste list:
- The designation of Scheduled Castes is governed by Article 341 of the Indian Constitution. It empowers the President of India to specify the castes, races, or tribes deemed to be Scheduled Castes in various states and union territories
- The primary purpose of the SC list is to ensure that members of these communities receive special consideration and benefits in education, employment, and political representation to help overcome historical disadvantages and discrimination
- Members of Scheduled Castes are entitled to reservations (quotas) in educational institutions, government jobs, and legislatures. This includes reserved seats in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of India's Parliament) and State Legislative Assemblies
- In addition to reservations, various social welfare schemes and programs are designed to improve the living conditions, educational attainment, and economic status of SC communities. These include scholarships, grants, and special financial assistance
- The list of Scheduled Castes can be amended from time to time by the Parliament of India. New communities can be added, and existing communities can be removed based on changing socio-economic conditions and through recommendations from state governments and commissions
- The SC list varies from state to state. A community recognized as SC in one state may not necessarily be recognized as such in another state. This is because the socio-economic conditions and historical context of caste-based discrimination can differ across regions
3.Who has the authority to amend the Schedule caste list?
The authority to amend the Scheduled Caste (SC) list rests with the Parliament of India. This process is outlined in Article 341 of the Indian Constitution. Here's how it works:
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Presidential Notification: Article 341(1) states that the President of India, after consulting with the Governor of the respective state, can specify the castes, races, or tribes to be recognized as Scheduled Castes in relation to that state or union territory. This is done through a public notification.
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Parliamentary Approval: Article 341(2) stipulates that any inclusion or exclusion of castes, races, or tribes from the list of Scheduled Castes can only be done through a law enacted by Parliament. This means that the President cannot unilaterally amend the SC list; any changes must be approved by the Parliament through legislation.
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Process:
- Proposal: A proposal for amending the SC list typically starts with recommendations from state governments or Union territories, which may conduct their own reviews and surveys.
- Review and Recommendation: These recommendations are reviewed by the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, which advises the President on such matters.
- Legislative Process: Based on these recommendations, the central government can introduce a bill in Parliament to amend the SC list. This bill must go through the usual legislative process, including approval by both houses of Parliament (the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha) and receiving the President's assent.
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Consultation: The President must consult with the Governor of the concerned state before making any specification of Scheduled Castes in that state, ensuring that local contexts and perspectives are considered
4. What is the purpose of Article 341 of the Constitution?
Article 341 of the Indian Constitution is designed to address the historical injustices and social disadvantages faced by certain communities, by formally recognizing them as Scheduled Castes (SCs).
The purpose of Article 341 is multifaceted:
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Identification and Recognition: Article 341 provides a mechanism for identifying and officially recognizing castes, races, or tribes that have historically faced extreme social, educational, and economic disadvantages. This formal recognition is crucial for the implementation of targeted affirmative action policies.
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Legal Framework for Affirmative Action: By identifying and listing Scheduled Castes, Article 341 creates a legal basis for implementing various affirmative action measures aimed at uplifting these communities. These measures include reservations (quotas) in education, employment, and political representation, as well as various social welfare programs.
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Consultation and Specification:
- Article 341(1): Empowers the President of India, in consultation with the Governor of a state, to specify the castes, races, or tribes that shall be treated as Scheduled Castes in relation to that state or union territory. This ensures that local conditions and contexts are considered in the identification process.
- Article 341(2): Stipulates that any subsequent amendments to this list, such as adding or removing castes, must be enacted by Parliament. This ensures that changes to the SC list are subject to a thorough legislative process, providing an additional layer of scrutiny and legitimacy
- The overarching goal of Article 341 is to promote social justice and equality. By recognizing certain communities as Scheduled Castes, the Constitution aims to rectify historical discrimination and provide these communities with enhanced opportunities for social, educational, and economic advancement
- The identification of Scheduled Castes under Article 341 allows the government to design and implement targeted interventions and policies that specifically address the needs and challenges of these communities. This helps in ensuring that the benefits of affirmative action and social welfare programs reach those who need them the most
5. What is the role of the National Commission for Scheduled Caste?
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) plays a vital role in safeguarding the rights and interests of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India.
Established under Article 338 of the Indian Constitution, the Commission has several key functions and responsibilities:
- The NCSC monitors the implementation of constitutional and other legal safeguards for SCs.
- It investigates and inquires into specific complaints regarding the deprivation of rights and safeguards of SCs
- The Commission advises the central and state governments on policies and measures required to improve the socio-economic development of SCs.
- It provides recommendations on the planning process and socioeconomic development schemes for SCs
- The NCSC presents annual reports to the President of India on the working of these safeguards and measures.
- These reports are then laid before each house of Parliament, along with a memorandum explaining the action taken on the recommendations and the reasons for non-acceptance of any recommendations
- The Commission reviews the progress of the development of SCs under the Union and any State.
- It participates in and advises on the planning process for the socio-economic development of SCs
- The NCSC conducts studies, research, and analysis on issues relating to the socio-economic development of SCs.
- It promotes awareness and education among SC communities regarding their rights and the measures available to them
- The NCSC has the powers of a civil court in matters of summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining them on oath.
- It can also require the production of any document, receive evidence on affidavits, and issue commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents
- The Commission works to ensure that SCs are protected against discrimination and exploitation in various sectors, including employment, education, and access to resources.
- It looks into complaints regarding violations of rights and discrimination against SCs in different areas
- The NCSC reviews the working of the constitutional and other legal safeguards for SCs and recommends measures for their effective implementation.
- It suggests amendments to existing laws or the introduction of new legislation aimed at improving the status and welfare of SCs
6.Way Forward
The Bihar Legislature had enacted the Bihar Reservation of Vacancies in Posts and Services (for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes) Act, 1991 (Act No.3 of 1992). Under the Act, it had declared the lists of Extremely Backward Classes and at serial number 33, Tanti-Tantwa was shown as falling under the Extremely Backward Classes
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains: GS-II: Government policies and intervention
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Previous Year Questions
Prelims 1.Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (UPSC CSE 2019) 1. PVTGs reside in 18 states and one Union Territory. 2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status. 3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far. 4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 4 Answer (c)
Given this analysis, the correct statements are 1, 2, and 4 Mains 1.What are the two major legal initiatives by the state since independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (UPSC CSE 2017) |
Source: The Hindu
ETHANOL BLENDING
1. Context
In November 1975, two years after the first global oil shock courtesy of the Arab-Israeli ‘Yom Kippur’ War, Brazil launched a Proálcool programme, aimed at reducing the country’s dependence on imported fuels.
2. Ethanol
- Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a type of alcohol commonly used as a biofuel and a key ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
- It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly sweet taste.
- Ethanol has a wide range of applications and is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or other microorganisms.
3. Ethanol Blending
- Ethanol blending refers to the practice of mixing ethanol with gasoline or other fuels to create a blended fuel.
- Ethanol is a biofuel derived from renewable sources such as sugarcane, corn, or other plant materials.
- It is commonly used as an additive to gasoline in various parts of the world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote cleaner fuel options.
- In the context of transportation, the most common form of ethanol blending is with gasoline, creating a blend known as ethanol-gasoline blend or gasohol.
- The most common ethanol-gasoline blends are E10 and E15, indicating the percentage of ethanol in the mixture. For example, E10 contains 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, while E15 contains 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline.
4. Benefits of Ethanol blending
- Ethanol is considered a renewable fuel because it is derived from plant materials that absorb carbon dioxide during their growth. When blended with gasoline, ethanol can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, as it emits fewer greenhouse gases compared to pure gasoline.
- By blending ethanol with gasoline, countries can reduce their reliance on imported fossil fuels and promote energy security.
- Ethanol has a higher octane rating than gasoline, which can improve engine performance and increase fuel efficiency.
- Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, providing economic benefits to farmers and rural communities.
- Ethanol-gasoline blends can help reduce harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds, contributing to improved air quality.
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Mixing 20 percent ethanol in petrol can potentially reduce the auto fuel import bill by a yearly $4 billion, or Rs 30,000 crore.
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Another major benefit of ethanol blending is the extra income it gives to farmers. Ethanol is derived from sugarcane and also foodgrains. Hence, farmers can earn extra income by selling their surplus produce to ethanol blend manufacturers.
5. What is E20 Fuel?
- E20 fuel is a type of blended fuel that contains 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline.
- It is an ethanol-gasoline blend, similar to other common blends like E10 (10% ethanol) and E15 (15% ethanol).
- The percentage of ethanol in the blend is denoted by the "E" followed by the percentage of ethanol content.
- E20 fuel is considered a higher ethanol blend compared to E10 and E15, which are more widely available in various countries.
- The use of E20 is part of efforts to promote renewable fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.
6. Significance of E20 fuel
- Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Ethanol is derived from renewable plant sources, and blending it with gasoline can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, contributing to efforts to combat climate change.
- Energy Security: By using more domestically produced ethanol, countries can reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels and enhance energy security.
- Improved Engine Performance: Ethanol's higher octane rating can enhance engine performance and increase fuel efficiency in certain vehicles.
- Support for Agriculture: Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, supporting farmers and rural economies.
7. Challenges in Ethanol Blending Programme
While ethanol blending in transportation fuels offers various benefits, there are several challenges that countries may face in implementing and sustaining a successful ethanol blending program. Some of these challenges include:
- Infrastructure and Distribution: Establishing the necessary infrastructure for blending and distributing ethanol-gasoline blends can be a significant challenge. This includes ensuring that fuel stations have the proper storage facilities and compatible pumps to dispense blended fuels.
- Compatibility with Vehicles: Not all vehicles are designed to run on high ethanol blends like E20 or E85. Older vehicles or vehicles from certain manufacturers may not be compatible with these blends, leading to potential engine damage or decreased performance.
- Fuel Quality and Standards: Maintaining consistent fuel quality is essential to prevent engine damage and ensure consumer confidence. Governments and fuel suppliers must adhere to strict quality standards and monitor the blending process to avoid issues with fuel performance.
- Feedstock Availability and Cost: The production of ethanol relies on agricultural feedstocks, such as corn, sugarcane, or other biomass. The availability and cost of these feedstocks can vary, affecting the overall cost of ethanol production and blending.
- Land Use and Food Security Concerns: Utilizing agricultural land for ethanol production can raise concerns about competing with food production and potentially impacting food security in some regions.
- Competing Uses for Ethanol: Ethanol has various applications beyond fuel blending, such as in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. Competing uses can influence the availability and cost of ethanol for blending.
8. National Biofuel Policy
- India has a National Policy on Biofuels, which was first introduced in 2009 and later revised in 2018. The policy aims to promote the use of biofuels to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, enhance energy security, promote sustainable development, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
- The policy encourages the blending of biofuels with conventional fossil fuels to create biofuel blends. It focuses on the production and utilization of first-generation biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as advanced biofuels made from non-food feedstock.
- The policy sets targets for blending biofuels with conventional fuels in the transportation sector. For instance, the policy aimed for a 20% ethanol blending in petrol and a 5% biodiesel blending in diesel by 2030.
- The policy emphasizes the development and promotion of second-generation biofuels, which are produced from non-food feedstock, such as agricultural residues, waste, and non-edible oils. This helps avoid competition with food crops and ensures sustainability.
- The policy supports research and development initiatives in the biofuels sector, aimed at improving production processes, enhancing feedstock availability, and developing cost-effective technologies for biofuel production.
- The policy focuses on creating a robust supply chain for biofuels, from feedstock cultivation and collection to biofuel production, distribution, and marketing. This helps in ensuring a smooth and efficient supply of biofuels across the country.
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For Prelims: Ethanol Blending, E20 fuel, Greenhouse Gas Emission, National Policy on Biofuels, Food Security, and Gasoline.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the benefits and challenges of ethanol blending in transportation fuels as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote renewable energy sources. (250 Words).
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Previous year Question1. According to India's National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cassava
2. Damaged wheat grains
3. Groundnut seeds
4. Horse gram
5. Rotten potatoes
6. Sugar beet
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 5, and 6 only
B. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only
C. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Answer: A
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Source: The Indian Express
HEAT WAVES
1. Context
This year, sweltering and high temperatures in Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab, unusual heatwaves in Himachal Pradesh, and dry and hot weather across Gujarat and Maharashtra marked the beginning of March — a month that climatologically sees a slow transition from winter to summer.
2. About Heat Wave
- A heatwave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, a common phenomenon in India during the months of May-June and in some rare cases even extends till July.
- Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies heat waves according to regions and temperature ranges. As per IMD, the number of heatwave days in India has increased from 413 over 1981-1990 to 600 over 2011-2020.
- This sharp rise in the number of heatwave days has resulted due to the increasing impact of climate change.
- The last three years have been La Niña years, which has served as a precursor to 2023 likely being an El Niño year. (The El Niño is a complementary phenomenon in which warmer water spreads westeast across the equatorial Pacific Ocean.)
- As we eagerly await the likely birth of an El Niño this year, we have already had a heat wave occur over northwest India.
- Heat waves tend to be confined to north and northwest India in El Niño years.
3. Understanding the Effects of Heat on the Body
Heat Exhaustion Occurs when excessive sweating leads to the draining of the body's resources, but it is not life-threatening. Recovery is possible by rehydrating and seeking cooler areas.
Heat stroke Results from an inability to regulate core body temperature, leading to severe symptoms and potential organ damage. Promptly reducing core temperature is crucial in these cases.
4. Symptoms and Medical care
Signs of heat stroke Extremely high body temperature without sweating, drowsiness, vomiting, reduced urination and impaired breathing.
Vulnerable populations Older adults, young children and individuals with comorbidities are more susceptible to heat-related impacts. However, heat stroke can affect individuals of any age.
5. Preventive Measure to Avoid Heat Stroke
Minimize exposure Stay indoors or seek shade during peak sunlight hours, especially between noon and 3 pm. Avoid strenuous activities during this time.
Stay hydrated Drink water regularly, even if not feeling thirsty. Consume hydrating fluids such as lassi, lemon water, buttermilk or ORS to maintain electrolyte balance.
Clothing and accessories Wear lightweight, light-coloured, loose-fitting cotton clothes. Use goggles, umbrellas and appropriate footwear for protection.
Home cooling Use curtains or shades to keep homes cool. Utilize damp clothes and cod baths to lower body temperature.
6. Role of Humidity and Night-time Temperatures
High humidity Increased perceived temperature and reduces the effectiveness of sweat evaporation, making it harder to cool down.
High night-time temperatures Light the body's recovery time, hindering the restoration of resources. Low night temperatures are essential for adequate recuperation.
7. Linking Heatwaves to Climate Change and Global Implications
Rising global temperatures Climate Change contributes to increased heatwave frequency and intensity, impacting human health.
Health Risks and Socioeconomic Impact Heatwaves can cause additional deaths, public health emergencies, reduced labour productivity and disruptions to essential services.
8. Criteria for Declaring Heat Waves in India
- In plains maximum temperature of at least 40 °C or more
- In Hilly regions maximum temperature of at least 30 °C or more
- Severe heat wave departure from normal temperature exceeds 6.40 °C
9. Impact of heat waves on Health
Health impacts of heat Heat-related illnesses range from heat cramps to heatstroke and hyperthermia. Heat can also worsen existing conditions and lead to premature death.
Indirect health effects Heat affects human behaviour, disease transmission, health services, air quality and critical infrastructure.
10. Conclusion
- Addressing heatwave deaths in India requires a multi-faceted approach involving government intervention, public awareness and preventive measures.
- By understanding the effects of heat on the body, recognizing critical symptoms and implementing preventive strategies, the risk of heat-related illnesses and fatalities can be reduced.
- Additionally, acknowledging the role of climate change and preparing for future heat waves is essential for safeguarding public health.
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For Prelims: Heatwave, India Meteorological Department, National Disaster Management Authority, the Health Ministry, ORS, Humidity, high temperatures
For Mains:
1. Climate change is considered a contributing factor to the increased frequency and intensity of heat waves. Discuss the measures that can be taken at national and international levels to address climate change and minimize its impact on public health. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Arrange the following India Meteorological Headquarters in Chronological order of their establishment and select your correct answer from the codes given below: (UPPSC Civil Service 2018)
A. New Delhi
B. Kolkata
C. Shimla
D. Pune
1. C D A B 2. B A D C 3. D B C A 4. B C D A
Answer: 4
2. Consider the following statements: (MPSC Forest Services 2019)
(a) The Disaster Management Act was passed by the Parliament in 2005.
(b) The Union Home Minister Acts as a Chairperson of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
(c) The NDMA may have not more than nine members including Vice-Chairman.
(d) The tenure of the members of NDMA shall be five years.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a), (b) and (c) 2. (a), (c) and (d) 3. (b), (c) and (d) 4. All above
Answer: 2
3. National Disaster Management Authority is headed by (CDS 2021)
A. the Prime Minister. B. the Home Minister C. the President. D. the Health Minister.
Answer: A
4. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it.
2. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.
3. It has seamless portability across the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
5. Consider the following statement: (UPSC 2018)
1. The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
2. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is under the charge of the Director General of Health Services in the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
6. What is the full form of ORS? (NHM UP CHO 2021)
A. Oral Recovered Solution
B. Oral Rehydration Salts
C. Oral Regenerate Salts
D. Oral Regenerate Solution
Answer: B
7. Consider the following statements with regard to atmospheric humidity: (UPSC ESE 2018)
1. Absolute humidity is the amount of water vapour per unit volume.
2. Hygrometer is used to measure relative humidity.
3. Dew point is the temperature at which the relative humidity is 75%.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
8. Relative humidity is (ISRO Scientist Civil 2020)
A. Something concerned with air conditioning
B. The ratio of moisture present in air to the capability of air to hold maximum moisture
C. The ratio of actual humidity to absolute humidity
D. Representative of amount of moisture held in air
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express & WHO
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR)
1. Context
In order to cope with a declining total fertility rate (TFR), the Andhra Pradesh government led by Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu has incentivised births in the state through a population policy introduced earlier this month.
2. About the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a key demographic indicator that helps us understand the average number of children a woman in a specific population will have during her lifetime, assuming current birth patterns persist. It's different from the crude birth rate, which simply measures the number of births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
What it measures
- The average number of children a woman will have throughout her reproductive lifespan.
- It considers age-specific fertility rates, which means it takes into account the different birth rates at different ages within the population.
- Provides a longer-term perspective on population dynamics compared to the crude birth rate.
Significance
- Helps assess population growth trends and predict future population size.
- Informs policy decisions related to education, healthcare, social security, and economic development.
- Understanding TFR is crucial for analyzing the potential demographic dividend, which refers to the economic and social benefits that can arise from a large working-age population due to declining fertility rates.
Calculation
- Summing the age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for all fertile age groups (typically 15-49 years) and multiplying by five.
- ASFRs represent the average number of births per 1,000 women in a specific age group.
Key TFR levels
- Replacement fertility rate: Around 2.1 children per woman, ensures population stability without growth or decline due to births and deaths (excluding migration).
- TFR below replacement: Indicates a declining population, with potential implications for workforce size and economic growth.
- TFR above replacement: Leads to population growth, requiring investments in infrastructure and resources to support the growing population.
3. What does the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.0 mean?
A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.0 means that, on average, each woman in the population is expected to give birth to two children over her reproductive lifetime. This value represents the replacement level of fertility, where each generation replaces itself in the population. When the TFR is around 2.0, it indicates that the population is stable, with births balancing deaths over time.
A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.0 indicates several key things
- Average Children per Woman: In that specific population, on average, a woman will have two children during her lifetime, assuming current birth patterns remain unchanged. This means that each generation of women is replacing itself, without population growth or decline due solely to births and deaths (excluding migration).
- Replacement Fertility Rate: A TFR of 2.0 is often referred to as the replacement fertility rate. This is because it signifies the level of fertility needed to maintain a stable population size over time, considering only births and deaths. However, it's important to note that the exact replacement level can vary slightly depending on mortality rates, particularly child mortality.
- Demographic Transition: A TFR of 2.0 suggests that the population is likely in the later stages of the demographic transition. This transition involves a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In this stage, populations typically experience a decline in fertility, followed by a decline in mortality, leading to a stabilization of population size.
- Global Context: While 2.0 is the replacement fertility rate, the global average TFR is currently around 2.3, indicating slight population growth. However, many developed countries have TFRs below replacement level, which can lead to an ageing population and potential challenges for social security systems and workforce size.
- Policy Implications: Understanding the TFR is crucial for policymakers in various areas like education, healthcare, social security, and economic development. A TFR below replacement may necessitate policies encouraging childbirth or attracting immigration to address potential workforce shortages. Conversely, a high TFR might require investments in infrastructure and resources to support a growing population.
4. What is the Replacement Fertility Rate?
The Replacement Fertility Rate (RFR) is the level of fertility required to maintain a stable population size in a given area, considering only births and deaths (excluding migration). This means that each generation of women has just enough daughters to replace themselves and their mothers in the population.
Key Points about RFR
- Typically around 2.1 children per woman This number varies slightly depending on a country's mortality rates, especially child mortality rates. Higher child mortality necessitates slightly higher fertility to ensure replacement.
- When the TFR matches the RFR, the population neither grows nor declines due to births and deaths.
- Reaching RFR suggests a population in the later stages of the demographic transition, characterized by declining birth and death rates.
- Though the global average TFR is 2.3 (slightly above RFR), many developed countries have TFRs below RFR, leading to ageing populations.
Significance of RFR
- Understanding RFR helps policymakers formulate effective policies in areas like education, healthcare, social security, and economic development.
- TFR below RFR may require policies to encourage childbirth or attract immigration to address potential workforce shortages and support ageing populations. Conversely, a high TFR might necessitate investments in infrastructure and resources to sustain a growing population.
- Analyzing TFR about RFR offers insights into potential population growth or decline, aiding in planning and resource allocation.
5. How is the Total Fertility Rate calculated?
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is calculated by considering the age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) of a population.
- Age-specific fertility Rates (ASFRs) represent the average number of births per 1,000 women within a specific age group. Typically, ASFRs are calculated for five-year age groups ranging from 15-49 years, covering the typical childbearing years for women. Data for calculating ASFRs usually comes from population censuses or demographic surveys.
- Once you have the ASFRs for each age group, you need to sum them all up. This gives you the total number of births expected per 1,000 women across all fertile age groups.
- Since age groups may have different sizes, simply summing ASFRs wouldn't be entirely accurate. To account for this, the sum is multiplied by the average number of women in each age group. This ensures the TFR reflects the fertility rates across all age groups proportionally.
- Often, instead of using the actual number of women in each age group, a standard factor of "5" is used for convenience. This assumes that each age group has roughly the same number of women, which is a reasonable approximation for many populations.
Therefore, the TFR formula becomes: TFR = (Sum of ASFRs across all age groups) * 5
Example:
Imagine a hypothetical population with the following ASFRs:
- 15-19 years: 30 births per 1,000 women
- 20-24 years: 80 births per 1,000 women
- 25-29 years: 120 births per 1,000 women
- 30-34 years: 90 births per 1,000 women
- 35-39 years: 50 births per 1,000 women
- 40-44 years: 20 births per 1,000 women
- 45-49 years: 10 births per 1,000 women
Using the formula:
- TFR = (30 + 80 + 120 + 90 + 50 + 20 + 10) * 5
- TFR = 400 * 5
- TFR = 2000 births per 1,000 women
Therefore, in this example, the TFR is 2.0, indicating that on average, a woman in this population would have 2 children during her lifetime based on the current age-specific fertility rates.
6. The difference between birth rate and Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
While both birth rate and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) measure fertility within a population, they have key differences that offer distinct insights:
| Features | Birth Rate | Total Fertility Rate (TFR) |
| Definition | Number of births per 1,000 people in a year | Average number of children per woman throughout her life |
| Focus | Current fertility level | Long-term fertility pattern |
| Data | Requires population size and number of births | Requires age-specific fertility rates |
| Calculation | Simple division | Summing and adjusting age-specific fertility rates |
| Advantages | Easy to understand, tracks short-term trends | Considers age structure, reflects future potential, informs policy |
| Limitations | Ignores age structure, limited future insight, misleading in fluctuating populations |
Requires complex data, less intuitive, may not perfectly predict future |
7. About demographic dividend
A demographic dividend refers to the potential economic and social benefits that can arise when a large share of the population is in the working-age (typically 15-64 years) compared to the dependent populations (children and elderly). This shift in population structure is often caused by a decline in fertility rates without a corresponding decline in mortality rates, leading to a "bulge" in the working-age population.
Key Features
- A larger working-age population translates to a larger pool of available labour, potentially boosting economic growth and productivity.
- The ratio of dependents (children and elderly) to the working-age population decreases, leading to increased savings and investment as fewer resources are needed to support dependents.
- The potential for increased investments in education and healthcare due to a smaller dependent population, leading to a more skilled and healthy workforce.
Conditions for a Dividend
- A significant and sustained decline in fertility rates is crucial for the demographic dividend to occur.
- The benefits of a demographic dividend can only be realized if the working-age population is adequately educated, skilled, and healthy.
- Expanding job opportunities is essential to absorb the growing workforce and prevent unemployment.
Challenges and Considerations
- The demographic dividend may not be evenly distributed across regions or social groups, potentially leading to inequalities.
- Governments and businesses need to adapt policies and infrastructure to accommodate the changing population structure.
- Ensuring social security and healthcare for the ageing population is crucial to sustain the benefits of the dividend.
Examples
- Several East Asian countries, like China and South Korea, experienced significant economic growth due to their demographic dividends in the latter half of the 20th century.
- India is currently experiencing a demographic transition with a declining fertility rate, creating the potential for a future dividend. However, realizing this potential requires investments in education, healthcare, and job creation.
8. The Way Forward
Understanding the TFR and its implications is crucial for India's future development. By analyzing population dynamics and formulating data-driven policies, the country can harness the potential of its demographic transition and achieve the Viksit Bharat goals sustainably and inclusively.
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For Prelims: Viksit Bharat, Population control goal, Total Fertility Rate, Replacement Fertility Rate
For Mains:
1. Critically analyze the significance of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in understanding population dynamics and formulating development policies in India. Discuss the potential challenges and opportunities associated with India's projected demographic transition. (250 Words)
2. What are the potential security implications of India's changing population structure? How can these be addressed through proactive policy measures? (250 Words)
3. Imagine you are part of the committee formed by the Finance Minister to study India's population growth. What key recommendations would you propose, considering both demographic trends and the aspirations of a Vikasit Bharat? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The total fertility rate is: (HPPSC GS 2018) (MPSC 2015)
A. The birth of women divided by the total female population
B. The number of births divided by the total population
C. The number of children a woman will likely bear in her lifetime
D. The births to women of a given age divided by the total number of women at that age
Answer: C
Mains
1. "Empowering women is the key to control the population growth.’’ Discuss. (UPSC 2019)
2. Critically examine the effect of globalization on the aged population in India. (UPSC 2013)
3. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC 2021)
4. Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC 2020)
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Source: The Indian Express
MATERNITY LEAVE IN INDIA
1. Context
Last week, the Supreme Court ruled that adoptive mothers could avail themselves of 12 weeks of paid maternity leave regardless of the age of their children at the time of adoption. Striking down Section 60(4) of the Social Security Code, 2020 (previously Section 5(4) of the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961), which limited this benefit only to mothers who adopted children under the age of three months, the Court said that an adoptive mother had the same rights and obligations towards the child as a biological mother.
2. Maternity leave in India
- The provision of statutory maternity benefits for working women in India traces its origins to the colonial period. The Bombay Maternity Benefit Act of 1929 was among the earliest laws, extending such benefits to women employed in factories.
- Over time, similar legislation was introduced in other regions prior to Independence. Eventually, in 1961, Parliament enacted the Maternity Benefit Act, which granted 12 weeks of paid maternity leave to working women nationwide.
- A significant reform came in 2017 with the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act. This amendment increased paid maternity leave for biological mothers to 26 weeks and, for the first time, included provisions for adoptive and surrogate mothers.
- Under Section 5(4), women who legally adopt a child below the age of three months, as well as commissioning mothers, are eligible for 12 weeks of maternity leave starting from the date the child is handed over to them
3. Drawbacks of the above law
- While the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 and its 2017 amendment marked a progressive step for working women, the framework has several structural and practical limitations that affect its effectiveness.
- One of the most significant drawbacks is that the law places the entire financial burden of paid maternity leave on employers rather than the state.
- This increases the cost of hiring women, especially in the private sector, and can unintentionally discourage employers from recruiting or promoting women of childbearing age. In this sense, a well-intentioned welfare measure may contribute to gender discrimination in hiring practices.
- Another major limitation is its restricted coverage. The law applies mainly to women working in the formal sector, which constitutes only a small fraction of India’s workforce.
- A vast majority of women employed in the informal sector—such as domestic workers, agricultural labourers, and gig workers—remain outside its scope, thereby excluding those who are often most vulnerable.
- The 2017 amendment to the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 extended leave to 26 weeks, which is beneficial for child and maternal health, but it has also raised concerns among employers regarding productivity and workforce continuity.
- Smaller firms, in particular, may struggle to manage prolonged employee absence without adequate support or incentives from the government.
- The provision for adoptive and surrogate mothers, while a positive inclusion, is limited in scope.
- It applies only when the adopted child is below three months of age, excluding many adoptive parents who take in older infants or children. This creates an inconsistency in how caregiving responsibilities are recognized.
- Additionally, the law does not adequately address paternity leave or shared parental responsibilities. By focusing almost entirely on mothers, it reinforces traditional gender roles and places the burden of childcare primarily on women, which can further affect their long-term career progression.
- There are also implementation challenges. Awareness about entitlements remains low among workers, and compliance is uneven, particularly in smaller establishments. Monitoring mechanisms are not always robust, leading to gaps between legal provisions and actual practice
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Supreme Court on Motherhood
The Court emphasized that motherhood should not be confined to a purely biological perspective. It recognized adoption as an integral aspect of reproductive autonomy. Highlighting the importance of leave, the Court observed that this period is essential for building a strong emotional connection between the mother and the child. It further pointed out that children raised in institutional settings often exhibit higher levels of stress hormones compared to those brought up in family environments, underscoring the need for adequate paid leave even in cases involving older adopted children
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4. Maternity Benefit Act 1961
- The Maternity Benefit Act was originally passed by Parliament on December 12, 1961, to regulate the employment of women in “certain establishments” for the period before and after childbirth and “to provide for maternity benefit and certain other benefits.”
- Originally it applied to every establishment “being a factory, mine or plantation” and later in 1973, it was extended to “any such establishment belonging to Government” and “every establishment where persons are employed for the exhibition of equestrian, acrobatic and other performances.”
- It repealed the Mines Maternity Benefit Act, 1941 and Maternity Benefit Act, 1929
- Section 4 of the 1961 Act prohibited the employment of or work by women during a certain period and under sub-section (1) stated, “No employer shall knowingly employ a woman in any establishment during the six weeks immediately following the day of her delivery or her miscarriage.”
- The right to paid maternity leaves was also given under Section 5 of the 1961 Act, although the period of such leave could not exceed twelve weeks, “that is to say, six weeks up to and including the day of her delivery and six weeks immediately following that day.”
- Additionally, no woman could be allowed to avail maternity benefits if she had not worked in the establishment for at least “one hundred and sixty days in the twelve months immediately preceding the date of her expected delivery.”
- These benefits would be allowed without dismissing the female worker from service or reduction of wages
- Violating provisions of the Act could result in three months’ punishment, with or without a fine
- On March 9, 2017, the Maternity Benefits (Amendment) Act 2017, was passed by Parliament, which brought about key changes to the original Act
5. Way Forward
The Court also urged the Union government to consider introducing a comprehensive legal provision that formally recognises paternity leave for all fathers, whether biological or adoptive. It observed that India’s existing legal framework does not sufficiently acknowledge the role of fathers in childcare and stressed the need to promote shared parenting responsibilities. At present, only male government employees are eligible for 15 days of paternity leave in cases of childbirth or adoption, while in the private sector, such leave is largely governed by individual company policies
Source: The Hindu
ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE CATCHING FIRE
1. Context
A fire tore through a house in Indore on March 18, killing eight people, including two children. An electric vehicle (EV) charging point outside appeared to have sparked the blaze. An investigation is underway.
2. Are EV Batteries Safe?
- Electric vehicle (EV) batteries are generally safe, but understanding why they are considered safe—and where the risks come from—requires a closer look at how they work.
- Most EVs use lithium-ion batteries, which store a large amount of energy in a compact space. This high energy density is what makes EVs efficient and capable of long driving ranges.
- However, it also means that if something goes wrong—such as overheating or physical damage—the energy can be released rapidly. This is where concerns about safety, especially fires, arise.
- In normal conditions, EV batteries are carefully controlled by sophisticated systems. Each battery pack is managed by a Battery Management System (BMS), which continuously monitors temperature, voltage, and current.
- If any abnormality is detected—like excessive heat or overcharging—the system can shut down or isolate parts of the battery to prevent further damage.
- In addition, modern EVs are equipped with cooling systems, often liquid-based, that regulate temperature during charging and driving. These features significantly reduce the likelihood of dangerous situations.
- Despite these safeguards, there are specific scenarios where risks can emerge. One of the most discussed is “thermal runaway,” a chain reaction where a battery cell overheats and triggers neighboring cells to do the same.
- This can happen due to manufacturing defects, poor-quality materials, or external damage such as a severe accident. Once initiated, thermal runaway can be difficult to stop and may lead to fire. However, it is important to note that such incidents are relatively rare, especially in well-regulated and high-quality vehicles.
- Another factor influencing safety is the quality of manufacturing and regulation. In countries like India, earlier incidents involving electric two-wheelers highlighted how substandard battery design or lack of proper testing could lead to failures.
- This prompted the government to introduce stricter safety standards, such as AIS-156, which mandate rigorous testing and better thermal management systems. As a result, the industry has been moving toward safer battery chemistries, such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP), which are more stable and less prone to overheating.
- When compared to conventional petrol or diesel vehicles, EVs actually catch fire less frequently. However, when EV fires do occur, they can be more challenging to extinguish because the battery can reignite even after the initial flames are put out. This has led to new firefighting protocols and safety training worldwide
3. What are the Causes for thermal runaway?
- Manufacturers typically enclose EV battery packs within strong casings made of reinforced steel or aluminium to enhance protection. However, a severe impact—especially to the underside of the vehicle—can distort the outer casing and damage the internal cells, potentially causing a short circuit.
- Overcharging is another concern. When a battery is charged beyond its intended limits, excess charge may accumulate in unintended areas within the cells.
- While established EV manufacturers incorporate safety mechanisms to prevent this, the same level of protection may not exist with faulty or third-party chargers. Regular overnight charging using such equipment can therefore raise the risk.
- In addition, batteries naturally expand and contract during operation. In rare cases, manufacturing flaws—such as tiny metal irregularities—can cause the positive and negative electrodes to come into contact.
- This can trigger a surge of current, generating heat that may spread across the battery pack. Electrical infrastructure also plays a role; for instance, outdated household wiring or extension cords may overheat if they are unable to handle the continuous electrical load
4. Do external conditions matter?
- In high temperatures, the cooling mechanisms in EVs may find it difficult to dissipate excess heat effectively. Leaving a vehicle parked under direct sunlight for extended periods or plugging it in for charging immediately after a long drive can further increase thermal strain on the battery.
- Over time, batteries undergo natural wear and tear, leading to the deterioration of their internal components. If users neglect warning signals or fail to carry out routine inspections, early indicators such as swelling or chemical breakdown may go unnoticed.
- Flood conditions pose another significant risk. After heavy rains, polluted water can seep into the battery pack, potentially triggering short circuits. In fact, several EV fire incidents have been reported days after vehicles were exposed to floodwater.
- It is important to note that EVs are not inherently more hazardous than conventional vehicles. Petrol-powered cars also catch fire—and often more frequently—because they store highly flammable fuel near engines that operate at high temperatures.
- However, fires involving EV batteries tend to burn at higher temperatures, spread more rapidly, and are more difficult to extinguish, partly because the battery can release oxygen during combustion.
- In the Indore case, the severity of the incident was compounded by additional factors, including the presence of LPG cylinders inside the house, a sports bike parked indoors, and electronic door locks that failed during the power outage
5. Contemporary Scenario in Industry
- Most modern EVs are equipped with cooling channels running alongside the battery cells, through which a coolant circulates to absorb excess heat and release it into the surrounding air.
- Researchers are now working on advanced cooling methods in which the coolant evaporates as it takes in heat, allowing for more efficient heat transfer and better management of sudden temperature increases.
- At the same time, manufacturers are experimenting with batteries that use solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones, aiming to lower the chances of thermal runaway.
- They are also improving internal safety barriers so that if a single cell malfunctions, the resulting fire does not spread to the rest of the battery pack.
- On the user side, certain precautions can significantly enhance safety. It is advisable to use only the charger provided with the vehicle or one approved by the manufacturer, avoid leaving the vehicle to charge unattended for long periods, and ensure that household electrical systems are capable of handling high-power loads.
- Additionally, batteries should be checked after any major impact. Experts also suggest allowing the battery to cool down after extended use before plugging it in, and keeping the charging area free from obstructions.
- In response to a series of fire incidents, the Bureau of Indian Standards introduced revised safety guidelines for EV batteries in 2023.
- Under the AIS-156 standard, the Automotive Research Association of India mandates rigorous testing to assess how heat spreads within a battery pack and requires designs that provide occupants with at least five minutes to safely evacuate in the event of a fire.
6. Way Forward
Another critical dimension is charging infrastructure and electrical readiness. As EV adoption grows in countries like India, the supporting electrical systems—especially in residential areas—must be upgraded. Old wiring, unsafe extension cords, and uncertified chargers can become weak links. Standardization and certification of public and private charging systems will reduce these risks significantly
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For Prelims: Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020, National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME), Global Lithium Value Chain.
For Mains: 1. Analyze the challenges and opportunities in promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in developing countries like India. Discuss the key factors that hinder EV penetration and propose strategies to overcome them.(250 Words)
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Previous year Question1. Which of the following Indian States/Union Territories launched Electric Vehicle Policy on 7th August 2020? (UPPSC 2020)A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Uttar Pradesh
C. Delhi
D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: C
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Source: The Hindu
BRICS SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION
1. Context
BRICS functions as a collaborative force aimed at establishing a multipolar world system. Cooperation in science, technology and innovation has been a key agenda for the grouping and has expanded over the years to include socially relevant areas such as energy, water, health and the environment
2. About BRICS
- The BRICS bloc—consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—represents a major global coalition, distinguished by its significant share in world GDP, strong scientific and technological capabilities, abundant natural resources, and large population base.
- Over time, it has emerged as an influential platform on the global stage, articulating the perspectives of nations that aim to counterbalance Western dominance. The grouping works collectively toward promoting a multipolar international order.
- While its role in global financial and macroeconomic discussions is well acknowledged, its collaboration in science, technology, and innovation (STI) has received comparatively limited attention.
- In an era where international scientific partnerships are increasingly shaped by geopolitical rivalries, techno-nationalism, and strategic restrictions such as sanctions and export controls, BRICS plays an important role in shaping the global STI ecosystem.
- The platform enables member countries to align their approaches, strengthen their collective bargaining power in global economic governance, and shape development financing through mechanisms such as the New Development Bank.
- BRICS nations also hold considerable importance in global trade, energy supply, and the provision of critical natural resources. The introduction of BRICS+ in 2022 marked a shift toward greater inclusivity, aiming to enhance cooperation among countries of the Global South and reduce reliance on external technological systems.
- This initiative reflects a growing effort to build shared capabilities through structured programmes. The grouping has further expanded to include countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Iran
3. Science, technology, and innovation (STI) Collaboration
- Science, technology, and innovation (STI) cooperation has been embedded in the BRICS agenda since its inception. It gained formal recognition in 2011 and was later strengthened through engagements among senior officials and BRICS Ministers responsible for STI.
- A landmark memorandum of understanding in 2015 elevated STI to a central strategic priority, establishing an institutional structure and operational direction for joint research and capacity-building.
- This framework has since broadened collaboration, enabling member states to utilise their complementary strengths to tackle common developmental issues and push the boundaries of advanced research.
- The first BRICS Action Plan for Innovation Cooperation (2017–2020) assigned the Science, Technology, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Partnership (STIEP) Working Group the responsibility of executing multiple initiatives.
- These efforts promoted entrepreneurship ecosystems, encouraged participation of youth and women in STI, and supported technology transfer along with business incubation.
- Over time, the grouping has shifted its focus from basic scientific collaboration toward innovation-driven initiatives and practical technology transfer.
- These evolving priorities are reflected in annual ministerial declarations, where BRICS Ministers of Science, Technology, and Innovation convene to endorse strategic directions.
- Within each country, designated nodal agencies manage coordination, invite research proposals, and compile project pipelines during their presidency.
- For instance, during India’s leadership, institutions such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) play a central coordinating role.
- Recent initiatives highlight a strong push toward innovation-led and technology-enabled ecosystems.
- Platforms like iBRICS and the BRICS Technology Transfer Centre (TTC) illustrate this direction, with the TTC contributing to policy development and institutional connectivity for cross-border technology commercialisation.
- However, despite these advances, large-scale commercial deployment of such technologies remains limited.
- The scope of joint research has also evolved, moving beyond foundational science to address socially relevant sectors such as energy, water, healthcare, and environmental sustainability.
- The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this transition, bringing heightened attention to public health systems, vaccine development, biosecurity, and digital healthcare.
- More recent collaborations have incorporated areas such as high-performance computing (HPC), advanced materials, information and communication technologies (ICT), and space applications, alongside a growing emphasis on artificial intelligence and data-driven science.
- Although working groups align with shared developmental priorities, progress has been uneven across sectors.
- Notable advancements are visible in ICT and HPC, including initiatives like the BRICS Institute of Future Networks, as well as in space collaboration following a 2021 intergovernmental agreement.
- In contrast, domains requiring extensive infrastructure or long-term investment—such as mega-science projects and ocean or polar research—have progressed more slowly.
- The expansion of BRICS has further strengthened its role as an inclusive platform for knowledge sharing and collaborative innovation.
- The 2025 Declaration on Artificial Intelligence marked a significant shift by elevating AI to a core pillar of multilateral governance, emphasising principles of inclusivity, equity, and development orientation.
- While the 2021–2024 Action Plan concentrated on building networks and thematic cooperation, subsequent strategies aim to scale up projects with greater real-world impact, particularly in biotechnology, climate technologies, industrial innovation, and AI.
- With India set to assume the 2026 Presidency under the theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability,” BRICS is poised to deepen scientific collaboration.
- The focus will be on leveraging its expanded membership to enhance collective capacities and address pressing challenges such as the digital divide, public health emergencies, and climate resilience.
- However, engagement from newer members has been uneven; among the latest entrants, only Egypt and Iran participated in the most recent call for proposals.
- Additionally, the China-BRICS Research Centre on New Quality Productive Forces, recently established in Beijing, is expected to serve as a key platform for academic exchange and technological collaboration
4. Concerns and Consequences
- When compared with countries such as South Korea, the National Innovation Systems (NIS) of BRICS nations reveal a mixed picture of capabilities and gaps.
- In particular, gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) remains relatively low across most members, with China being a notable exception.
- Studies indicate a substantial gap between BRICS countries and South Korea across multiple innovation metrics, with all members except China needing significant progress.
- With the transition to BRICS+, it becomes equally important to evaluate and strengthen the innovation ecosystems of the newly inducted members. Enhancing these systems could become a key priority over the coming decade, with the possibility of extending such improvements across the wider Global South.
- As highlighted by Stanford University scholar Irina Dezhina, the diversity among new members—both in terms of economic advancement and scientific capabilities—poses challenges in aligning priorities.
- This diversity may require BRICS+ to promote targeted bilateral or “paired” collaborations between specific countries.
- Lessons can also be drawn from the European Union (EU), which offers a broad range of STI programmes, whereas BRICS currently provides relatively limited opportunities.
- Moreover, although competition for available funding is high, the overall pool of resources remains constrained.
- Scholars argue that BRICS initiatives must evolve qualitatively to effectively address complex global challenges.
- At present, however, systematic research on STI cooperation within BRICS is limited, and there is no structured mechanism for continuous assessment and evidence-based policy inputs for member states
5. Way Forward
Despite notable progress in collaboration, concerns remain about whether the existing institutional arrangements are adequate for future demands. A major limitation is the absence of a permanent institutional framework to oversee STI cooperation. The current model—where leadership rotates annually with the presidency—is not well-suited for long-term planning. One possible solution is to adopt a model similar to the EU’s Horizon Programme by creating a centralised Secretariat responsible for managing funds, issuing research calls, tracking implementation, and evaluating outcomes.
Additionally, launching a few long-term mega-science projects could significantly deepen cooperation among members. Over time, the scope of STI collaboration should extend beyond project funding to include research on governance frameworks and the broader societal and economic implications of emerging technologies within BRICS+. Such efforts would improve coordination in international negotiations and strengthen institutional capacity for STI governance.
In conclusion, although BRICS has made considerable strides in STI cooperation since 2015 despite various constraints, substantial improvements are still needed. Strengthening the framework to make it more responsive, efficient, and credible will enhance the group’s global standing. As the incoming chair of BRICS+ in 2026, India is well-positioned to steer this transformation
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For Prelims: BRICS, Global South Unity, Western Influence, New Development Bank (NDB), and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the Implications of BRICS' Expansion for India's Geopolitical Positioning and Influence within the Alliance.
2. Analyze India's Role in Shaping BRICS' Membership Criteria and Its Strategic Significance in the Expanded Coalition.
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Previous year Questions1. With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014)
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
2. With reference to BRIC countries, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. At present, China's GDP is more than the combined GDP of all three other countries.
2. China's population is more than the combined population of any two other countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
3. The 'Fortaleza Declaration', recently in the news, is related to the affairs of (UPSC 2015)
A. ASEAN
B. BRICS
C. OECD
D. WTO
Answer: B
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Source: The Hindu
