GOODS AND SERVICE TAX (GST)
1. Context
The government’s Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue in April 2026 surged to an all-time high of ₹2.43 lakh crore, up 8.7% over April last year. Growth was once again driven by collections on imports, with revenue from domestic sales growing slower
2. What is the Goods and Services Tax (GST)?
- The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on the supply of goods and services at each stage of the production and distribution chain. It is a comprehensive indirect tax that aims to replace multiple indirect taxes imposed by the central and state governments in India.
- GST is designed to simplify the tax structure, eliminate the cascading effect of taxes, and create a unified national market. Under the GST system, both goods and services are taxed at multiple rates based on the nature of the product or service. The tax is collected at each stage of the supply chain, and businesses are allowed to claim a credit for the taxes paid on their inputs.
- The GST system in India came into effect on July 1, 2017, replacing a complex tax structure that included central excise duty, service tax, and state-level taxes like VAT (Value Added Tax), among others. The GST Council, consisting of representatives from the central and state governments, is responsible for making decisions on various aspects of GST, including tax rates and rules.
- GST is intended to create a more transparent and efficient tax system, reduce tax evasion, and promote economic growth by fostering a seamless flow of goods and services across the country. It has a significant impact on businesses, as they need to comply with the new tax regulations and maintain detailed records of their transactions for GST filing
3.Goods and Services Tax (GST) and 101st Amendment Act, 2016
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was introduced through the 101st Amendment Act of 2016. This constitutional amendment was a crucial step in the implementation of GST, which aimed to create a unified and comprehensive indirect tax system across the country.
Here are some key points related to the 101st Amendment Act and GST:
- The 101st Amendment Act was enacted to amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax.
- It added a new article, Article 246A, which confers concurrent powers to both the central and state governments to levy and collect GST
- The amendment led to the creation of the GST Council, a constitutional body consisting of representatives from the central and state governments. The council is responsible for making recommendations on GST rates, exemptions, and other related issues
- The amendment introduced a dual GST structure, where both the central government and the state governments have the power to levy and collect GST on the supply of goods and services
- For inter-state transactions, the 101st Amendment Act provides that the central government would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), which would be a sum total of the central and state GST
- The amendment also included a provision for compensating states for any revenue loss they might incur due to the implementation of GST for a period of five years
The 101st Amendment Act was a critical legislative step that provided the constitutional framework for the implementation of GST in India. It addressed the need for a unified tax system, simplifying the tax structure and promoting a common market across the country. The subsequent establishment of the GST Council has played a pivotal role in the ongoing management and evolution of the GST system in India
4. What are the different types of Goods and Services Tax (GST)?
In India, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) is structured into different tax rates based on the nature of the goods and services. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the GST rates are divided into multiple slabs. It's important to note that tax rates may be subject to changes, and new amendments could have been introduced since then. As of my last update, the GST rates are as follows:
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Nil Rate:
- Some goods and services are categorized under the nil rate, meaning they attract a 0% GST. This implies that no tax is levied on the supply of these goods or services.
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5% Rate:
- This is a lower rate, applicable to essential goods such as certain food items, medical supplies, and other basic necessities.
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12% Rate:
- Goods and services falling in this category attract a 12% GST rate. Items such as mobile phones, processed foods, and certain services fall under this slab.
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18% Rate:
- A higher rate of 18% is applicable to goods and services such as electronic items, capital goods, and various services.
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28% Rate:
- The highest GST rate of 28% is applied to luxury items, automobiles, and certain goods and services that are considered non-essential or fall into the luxury category.
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Compensation Cess:
- In addition to the above rates, some specific goods attract a compensation cess, which is levied to compensate the states for any revenue loss during the transition to GST. This is often applied to items like tobacco and luxury cars.
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Zero Rate:
- Certain categories of goods and services may be specified as "zero-rated," which means they are effectively taxed at 0%. This is different from the nil rate, as it allows businesses to claim input tax credit on inputs, capital goods, and input services.
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Exempt Supplies:
- Some goods and services may be exempt from GST altogether. This means that they are not subject to any GST, and businesses cannot claim input tax credit on related inputs
5.Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Union territory GST (UTGST) and Integrated GST (IGST)
| Subject | Central GST (CGST) | State GST (SGST) | Union Territory GST (UTGST) | Integrated GST (IGST) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levied by | Central Government | Respective State Governments | Union Territory Administrations | Central Government (on inter-state transactions) |
| Applicability | On intra-state supplies (within the same state) | On intra-state supplies (within the same state) | On intra-union territory supplies (within the same union territory) | On inter-state supplies (across states or union territories) |
| Rate Determination | Determined by the Central Government | Determined by the Respective State Government | Determined by the Union Territory Administration | IGST rate is a sum of CGST and SGST rates |
| Revenue Collection | Collected by the Central Government | Collected by the Respective State Government | Collected by the Union Territory Administration | Collected by the Central Government (on inter-state transactions) |
| Utilization of Revenue | Shared between Central and State Governments | Retained by the Respective State Government | Retained by the Union Territory Administration | Shared between Central and State Governments |
| Purpose | Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover central taxes | Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover state taxes | Applicable in union territories for intra-territory supplies | Applied to regulate and tax inter-state supplies |
| Input Tax Credit (ITC) | ITC available for CGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for SGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for UTGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for both CGST and SGST paid on inputs |
| Tax Jurisdiction | Applies within a particular state | Applies within a particular state | Applies within a particular union territory | Applies to transactions across states and union territories |
| GSTN Portal for Filing Returns | Central GSTN portal | State-specific GSTN portals | UTGSTN portal | Integrated GSTN portal |
6.What are the benefits of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India?
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was implemented with the aim of bringing about significant reforms in the indirect tax structure. Several benefits have been associated with the introduction of GST.
Here are some key advantages:
- GST replaced multiple indirect taxes levied by the central and state governments, simplifying the tax structure. This streamlined system reduces the complexity of compliance for businesses
- GST eliminates the cascading effect of taxes, where taxes are levied on top of other taxes. With a seamless credit mechanism, businesses can claim input tax credit on the taxes paid on their purchases, leading to a more transparent and efficient system
- GST has facilitated the creation of a common national market by harmonizing tax rates and regulations across states. This has reduced trade barriers and promoted the free flow of goods and services throughout the country
- The GST system has incorporated technology-driven processes, including electronic filing and real-time reporting, making it harder for businesses to evade taxes. This has contributed to increased tax compliance
- The input tax credit mechanism under GST benefits manufacturers, as they can claim credits for taxes paid on raw materials and input services. This has a positive impact on the cost of production and enhances the competitiveness of Indian goods in the international market
- GST brings transparency to the taxation system. The online filing of returns and the availability of transaction-level data make it easier for tax authorities to monitor and track transactions, reducing the scope for corruption
- GST has replaced a complex system of filing multiple tax returns with a more straightforward mechanism. Businesses now need to file fewer returns, reducing the compliance burden
- The implementation of GST has contributed to an improvement in the ease of doing business in India. The unified tax system has made it simpler for businesses to operate across states and has reduced the paperwork and bureaucratic hurdles associated with tax compliance
- GST has led to the harmonization of tax rates across states and union territories, minimizing the tax rate disparities that existed earlier. This creates a more predictable tax environment for businesses
7.Goods and Services Tax (GST)-Issues and Challenge
- Despite the intention to simplify the tax structure, the multi-tiered rate system (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%) and the inclusion of cess on certain goods have introduced complexity. The classification of goods and services under different tax slabs can be challenging, leading to disputes and confusion
- The successful implementation of GST relies heavily on technology. Issues such as technical glitches on the GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network) portal, especially during the initial phases, have caused difficulties for businesses in filing returns and complying with regulations
- The compliance requirements for businesses under GST, including multiple returns filing, have been perceived as burdensome. Smaller businesses, in particular, may find it challenging to adapt to the new system and comply with the various provisions
- The transition from the previous tax regime to GST posed challenges, especially for businesses in terms of understanding the new tax structure, reconfiguring accounting systems, and ensuring a smooth transition of credits from the old tax system to the GST system
- The classification of certain goods and services into specific tax slabs has been a source of contention. Ambiguities in classification have led to disputes and litigations, with businesses seeking clarity on the applicable tax rates
- The implementation of GST has increased compliance costs for businesses due to the need for sophisticated IT infrastructure, the hiring of tax professionals, and efforts to ensure accurate reporting and filing
- Challenges related to availing and matching input tax credits have been reported. Timely matching of credits and resolving discrepancies can be cumbersome, leading to concerns about the seamless flow of credit across the supply chain
- The anti-profiteering provisions were introduced to ensure that businesses pass on the benefits of reduced tax rates to consumers. However, the implementation of anti-profiteering measures has been criticized for its complexity and potential for disputes
- The periodic changes in the GST return filing system have created challenges for businesses in adapting their processes. Delays and complexities in return filing can affect working capital management
8.Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council)
The Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council) is a constitutional body in India that makes recommendations on the Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was established under the Constitution (122nd Amendment) Act, 2016, which introduced the GST in India
The GST Council consists of the following members:
- The Union Finance Minister, who is the Chairperson of the Council.
- The Union Minister of State in charge of revenue or any other Minister of State nominated by the Union Government.
- One Minister from each state, nominated by the Governor of that state.
- The Chief Secretary of each state, ex-officio.
- If the President, on the recommendation of the Council, so directs, one representative of each Union territory which has a legislature, to be nominated by the Lieutenant Governor of that Union territory.
- Three to seven members (other than Ministers) to be nominated by the Union Government, of whom at least one member shall be from the field of economics and another from the field of chartered accountancy, legal affairs or public finance
9. Way forward
It's important to note that the composition and structure of the GST Council may evolve over time, and there might have been changes since my last update in January 2022. To obtain the latest and most accurate information about the GST Council and its members, it is recommended to refer to official government sources or recent announcements by the relevant authorities
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For Prelims: Economic and Social Development and Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
General Studies III: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it |
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which of the following are true of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced in India in recent times? (UGC Paper II 2020)
A. It is a destination tax
B. It benefits producing states more
C. It benefits consuming states more
D. It is a progressive taxation
E. It is an umbrella tax to improve ease of doing business
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
A.B, D and E only
B.A, C and D only
C.A, D and E only
D.A, C and E only
Answer (D)
2.What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’? (UPSC CSE 2017)
1. It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India. 2. It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves. 3. It will enormously increase the growth and size of the economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer (a)
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Source: Indianexpress
GIG ECONOMY
1. Context
In a move to secure the rights of the growing platform-based labour force, the Government of Karnataka has officially operationalised a specialised grievance redressal mechanism for platform-based gig workers. The mechanism, a first of its kind in India, has been developed by the Karnataka Platform-based Gig Workers’ Board in collaboration with the Department of e-Governance
2. What is the gig economy?
- The gig economy refers to a labor market characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work, as opposed to permanent jobs.
- It includes a wide range of activities, from ride-sharing and food delivery to freelance writing and graphic design.
- Workers in the gig economy are typically independent contractors who perform specific tasks or projects, often mediated through digital platforms.
- This economy offers flexibility and autonomy for workers but also presents challenges such as lack of job security, benefits, and consistent income
3.What is the difference between the formal and informal labour markets?
| Subject | Formal Labor Market | Informal Labor Market |
| Regulation | Regulated by government laws and policies | Not regulated by formal labor laws |
| Job Security | Generally offers job security | Often lacks job security |
| Benefits | Provides benefits like health insurance and retirement plans | Rarely provides benefits |
| Legal Protections | Employees have legal protections and must adhere to standards | Workers lack legal protections |
| Income | Regular and predictable income | Irregular and uncertain income |
| Employment Contracts | Jobs usually involve formal contracts | Work is often done without formal contracts |
| Examples | Corporate jobs, government positions | Freelance work, informal vendors, day labourers |
4. What is the current state of the labour market in India?
- Maintaining the impressive growth rates of recent years into the medium to long term, while expanding the consumption base, will be difficult given that a significant portion of the country's workforce remains stuck in low-productivity jobs.
- Recent government surveys indicate that the number of informal businesses in the country has increased from 57.6 million in 2010-11 to 63.4 million in 2015-16, and further to 65 million in 2022-23
- If the economy were generating more productive employment opportunities, both the number of informal firms and the workforce within them would be significantly decreasing.
- Combining the 110 million workers in non-farm informal businesses with the approximately 230 million engaged in agriculture accounts for almost two-thirds of the labor force still employed in low-productivity jobs in less efficient sectors—sectors that now contribute an even smaller share of the total economic value added than before.
- This is in addition to those informally employed in construction and the formal parts of the economy.
- In the absence of low or semi-skilled job opportunities in the more productive formal manufacturing sector, and without the necessary education to enter more skilled formal employment in both manufacturing and high-end services, their only alternatives are precarious forms of employment in the gig economy.”
- The issue of job scarcity has long been a part of India's development narrative, not limited to the current administration.
- However, recent changes include the youth bulge, increasing labor force participation rate—particularly among women driven into the workforce by financial distress—the declining share of value added by the informal sector, and the growing capital intensity in production sectors that contribute more to value addition and are labor-intensive by nature
- The consequences of failing to create a sufficient number of more productive jobs, and the resulting deepening labor market duality, are likely to be manifested in various ways, including reduced social mobility and high-income inequality.
- As others have noted, this will determine whether the country follows the path of East Asia or takes the route of Latin America
5. What are the causes of the rising gig economy in India?
- The proliferation of smartphones and the internet has facilitated the growth of digital platforms that connect gig workers with customers. Apps and websites have made it easier to find and offer short-term jobs
- India has a large youth population that is tech-savvy and open to flexible work arrangements. The gig economy offers opportunities that appeal to the younger generation seeking autonomy and varied work experiences
- The formal sector has not been able to generate enough jobs to match the growing labor force. As a result, many individuals turn to gig work for income, as it often requires lower barriers to entry compared to traditional employment
- Financial distress and the need for supplementary income have pushed more people towards gig work. This includes individuals who may already have a job but need additional income to meet their financial needs
- The gig economy offers flexibility in work hours and the choice of assignments, which attracts individuals who prefer non-traditional work arrangements over the constraints of full-time employment.
- Companies are increasingly outsourcing tasks to freelancers to reduce costs associated with full-time employees, such as benefits and office space. This shift towards a more flexible workforce model has contributed to the growth of gig work
- The ability to work remotely has opened up international opportunities for gig workers. Indian freelancers can now find work with companies around the world, broadening their employment prospects
- The regulatory framework in India is still catching up with the gig economy, providing a more lenient environment for gig platforms and workers compared to the heavily regulated formal sector
- The gig economy allows workers to leverage diverse skill sets and explore multiple career paths simultaneously. This appeals to individuals looking to diversify their professional experience
- There is growing consumer demand for services that gig workers provide, such as food delivery, ride-hailing, home services, and freelance professional services. This demand fuels the expansion of gig opportunities
6.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the gig economy?
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Workers can choose their own hours and work location | Gig workers often face uncertain income and job stability. |
| Diverse Opportunities | No Employment Benefits |
| Access to a variety of job types and industries | Absence of benefits like health insurance, retirement plans, and paid leave |
| Increased Income Potential | Income Variability |
| Potential to earn more by taking multiple gigs or high-paying tasks | Earnings can be unpredictable and inconsistent. |
| Opportunity to develop and diversify skill sets. | Many gig workers are not protected by labor laws and regulations |
| Easier entry into the workforce without extensive qualifications. | Limited opportunities for career advancement and long-term growth |
| Greater control over the type of work undertaken and methods of working | Flexibility can lead to overworking and blurred boundaries between work and personal life |
| Ability to work for international clients and companies | Gig workers may miss out on the social aspects and support networks found in traditional workplaces |
| Companies can save on costs related to full-time employees (benefits, office space, etc.). | Potential for gig workers to be underpaid and overworked without proper oversight |
| Can quickly adapt to changing market demands and consumer needs | Limited access to training and professional development resources |
7. What are the challenges associated with the gig economy?
- Gig workers often face unpredictable and inconsistent income, making financial planning difficult
- Gig workers typically do not receive traditional employment benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, paid leave, and unemployment benefits
- The temporary and project-based nature of gig work means that workers lack job security and can be easily terminated
- There is often a lack of clear legal frameworks to protect gig workers, leading to issues with worker rights, minimum wage enforcement, and job classifications.
- The flexibility of gig work can lead to overworking and difficulty in maintaining a work-life balance, as the lines between personal and professional time can become blurred.
- Gig workers can be vulnerable to exploitation, including low pay, long hours, and lack of proper working conditions, without sufficient oversight and protection
- Gig workers may miss out on the social interactions and support networks that come with traditional workplaces, leading to feelings of isolation and lack of community
- There are limited opportunities for career advancement, professional development, and skill enhancement in the gig economy
- Gig workers often lack access to training and development programs that can help them improve their skills and advance their careers
- Gig workers are usually responsible for managing their own taxes, which can be complex and burdensome without proper knowledge and resources
- Reliance on digital platforms and technology can pose challenges, including the need for constant internet access and the risk of being affected by platform changes or technical issues
- Without formal workplace regulations, gig workers may face unsafe working conditions and lack proper health and safety protections
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For Prelims: Gig Economy
For Mains: GS III- Gig Economy and Associated Problems around
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Source: Indianexpress
KUKI-ZOMI TRIBE
1. Context
Amid fresh unrest in Manipur, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and the State government on Friday resumed talks with Kuki-Zo insurgent groups who are in a suspension of operations (SoO) pact with the government.
2. About Kuki and Zomi tribes
The Kuki-Zomi people are a diverse group of ethnicities inhabiting the mountainous regions of Northeast India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. They share a common ancestry and cultural heritage, and their name reflects this shared identity: "Kuki" is a more general term encompassing various sub-tribes, while "Zomi" is a relatively recent term adopted by some Kuki communities to emphasize their distinct identity and cultural heritage.
- The exact origins of the Kuki-Zomi people remain unclear, but linguistic evidence suggests they migrated from Southeast Asia centuries ago. Today, they are found primarily in the Indian states of Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, and Tripura, as well as in Chin State, Myanmar, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
- The Kuki-Zomi people comprise numerous sub-tribes, each with its own distinct dialect and cultural practices. Some of the major sub-tribes include the Hmar, Thadou, Paite, Gangte, Vaiphei, Zou, Aimol, and Anal. These sub-tribes speak various Kuki-Chin languages, which belong to the Tibeto-Burman language family.
- The Kuki-Zomi people have a rich and vibrant culture characterized by strong communal bonds, traditional music and dance, and colorful handicrafts. Their traditional attire is often adorned with intricate beadwork and embroidery, reflecting their artistic skills and cultural pride.
- The Kuki-Zomi people have faced various challenges throughout their history, including displacement, conflict, and marginalization. However, they have demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability, preserving their unique culture and traditions despite these hardships.
- In recent years, the Kuki-Zomi people have made significant strides in education, entrepreneurship, and political representation. They are increasingly active in advocating for their rights and cultural identity, and their contributions to the social and economic development of the regions they inhabit are becoming increasingly recognized.
3. Delisting Proposal in Manipur
- The representation calling for the potential removal of specific Kuki and Zomi tribes from the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list in Manipur stems from the ongoing ethnic conflict that has persisted for eight months.
- This conflict, initiated on May 3, 2023, arose following an order from the Manipur High Court directing the State government to recommend the inclusion of Meiteis in the ST list to the Centre.
- As the Centre now requests the State government to examine the representation for the delisting of Kuki and Zomi tribes, there is a risk of exacerbating existing tensions between the valley-based Meitei people and the hills-based Kuki-Zo (ST) people in the State.
- One significant factor driving the Meiteis' demand for ST status is their inability to own land in the forested hill districts, where only STs are permitted to own land.
- Notably, this marks the first instance where members of the Meitei community are advocating for their inclusion in the ST list by contending that specific Kuki and Zomi tribes should not be part of it.
- This development may also have broader implications for the criteria used to designate groups as Scheduled Tribes, a framework that has remained unchanged since its introduction by the Lokur Commission in 1965.
Key Arguments in the Kuki-Zomi Delisting Proposal
- In Mr. Thounaojam’s representation, objections have been raised against the inclusion of three specific entries in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list of Manipur namely, “Any Mizo(Lushai) Tribes,” “Zou,” and “Any Kuki Tribes.”
- The primary argument put forth for the exclusion of these entries is that they are not considered "indigenous" to the land of Manipur.
- According to the representation, there is no historical mention of these specific tribes residing in Manipur in pre-Independence Censuses.
- Furthermore, the representation contends that the vagueness surrounding the terms "Any Mizo (Lushai) Tribes" and "Any Kuki Tribes" in the ST list has purportedly facilitated illegal immigrants from Myanmar and Bangladesh in wrongfully obtaining benefits intended for Scheduled Tribes in India.
4. About Lokur Commission
The Lokur Commission, officially known as the Advisory Committee on the Revision of Lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, played a significant role in shaping the landscape of tribal communities in India. Established in 1965 by the Government of India. Chaired by Justice N.N. Lokur, a former Chief Justice of India. Tasked with revising the lists of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in a rational and scientific manner.
Criteria for Scheduled Tribes:
- The Commission established five key criteria for identifying a community as an ST:
- Primitive Traits and Distinctive Culture
- Geographical Isolation
- Shyness of Contact with the Community at Large
- Backwardness
- Pre-dominantly Tribal Population
Impact on Tribal Communities
- The Lokur Commission's recommendations led to the addition of several new communities to the ST list, granting them access to educational and economic benefits reserved for STs.
- However, the criteria employed, particularly the emphasis on "primitive traits," have been criticized for being outdated, stereotypical, and potentially hindering social progress for tribal communities.
Criticisms and Debates
- The Commission's classification of certain communities as "primitive" has been challenged for being derogatory and inaccurate.
- The criteria used have been accused of being subjective and open to misinterpretation, leading to inconsistencies and exclusion of deserving communities.
- Debates continue regarding the need for revising or even abolishing the existing criteria altogether, with calls for a more nuanced approach based on social, economic, and cultural factors.
Legacy
- Despite the criticisms, the Lokur Commission's work remains influential in the administration of tribal affairs in India.
- Its report and recommendations form the basis for the current ST list and continue to be referenced in discussions about tribal inclusion and development.
- The Commission's legacy highlights the importance of ongoing discussions about the definition of "tribal" identity and the need for criteria that are fair, inclusive, and responsive to the evolving realities of tribal communities in India.
5. The National Commission for Backward Classes
The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) stands as a crucial advocate for the rights and welfare of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in India. Established in 1993 and elevated to constitutional status in 2018, the NCBC plays a multi-faceted role in ensuring social justice and equality for OBC communities.
Mandate and Responsibilities
- The NCBC probes cases of discrimination and denial of rights due to OBC status. It monitors the implementation of various government policies and schemes aimed at OBC development.
- The Commission regularly assesses the social, educational, and economic advancement of OBCs. It provides recommendations to the government on policies and programs to bridge existing gaps and address emerging challenges.
- Individuals from OBC communities can approach the NCBC with complaints related to violations of their rights or benefits. The Commission takes necessary action to address these grievances and ensure justice.
- The NCBC conducts research on the diverse OBC communities, analyzing their specific needs and vulnerabilities. It promotes awareness about OBC issues and advocates for their inclusive participation in various spheres of Indian society.
Key Achievements
- The NCBC played a significant role in implementing the Right to Education Act (2009) and ensuring reservation quotas for OBC students in educational institutions.
- The Commission has been instrumental in promoting entrepreneurship and skill development programs among OBC communities, leading to greater economic participation and self-reliance.
- The NCBC has consistently pushed for legislation and policy changes that benefit OBCs, such as reservations in government jobs and promotions, access to healthcare, and land rights.
Challenges and Future Directions
- OBCs are a diverse group with varying needs and levels of marginalization. The NCBC faces the challenge of addressing these internal disparities and ensuring inclusivity within its advocacy efforts.
- The Commission often operates with limited resources, hindering its ability to effectively reach out to remote OBC communities and conduct comprehensive research.
- Ensuring proper implementation of the NCBC's recommendations on the ground remains a crucial challenge. Stronger collaboration with state governments and local authorities is essential.
6. Examining Claims of Non-Indigeneity and Misuse
7. The Way Forward
The Kuki-Zomi delisting proposal in Manipur raises intricate questions about tribal identity, historical claims, and potential consequences for inter-community relations. Examining the arguments, historical context, and the role of institutions like the NCBC is essential for understanding the complexities of this issue and finding solutions that respect the rights and identities of all involved communities.
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For Prelims: kuki-zomi tribes, manipur, National Commission for Backward classes, STs, Lokur Commission, Other Backward Classes
For Mains:
1. Discuss the potential political and developmental implications of the proposed delisting. How might it affect land rights, access to resources, and inter-community relations in Manipur? (250 Words)
2. Assess the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) in addressing the complexities of tribal identity and ensuring social justice for marginalized communities. How can the NCBC be strengthened to better address issues like the Kuki-Zomi delisting proposal? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Who was appointed as the head of the OBC Sub-categorisation Commission?
(Maharashtra Talathi 2019)
A. Justice Geeta Mittal
B. Justice Manjula Chellur
C. Justice Tahilramani
D. Justice G. Rohini
2. Which of the following pairs of list and contents is/are correctly matched? (UPSC CAPF 2019)
1. State list Public health and sanitation
2. Union list Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens
3. Concurrent list Legal, medical and other
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only
Answers:1-D, 2- B
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Source: The Hindu
EL NINO AND MONSOON
1. Context
Amidst expectations of further increase in energy demand with peak summers approaching and an El Nino in sight, India could be looking at meeting its increased power requirements from the traditional coal-powered thermal plants and augmented solar plants
2. Key Takeaways
- The monsoon rains have helped to improve crop yields, which has led to higher production and incomes for farmers.
- This has also helped to reduce food prices and improve food security in India.
- The monsoon rains are a welcome respite for India, which has been hit by several droughts in recent years.
- The good rains have helped to improve the lives of millions of farmers and their families and have boosted the Indian economy.
3. La Nina Brings Bountiful Rainfall to India
- La Nina is a climate pattern that occurs every few years when the central and eastern Pacific Ocean cools.
- This cooling leads to changes in the atmosphere, including stronger trade winds and increased evaporation.
- These changes can lead to increased rainfall in India, which is why the country has experienced four consecutive years of good monsoons since 2019.
- La Nina is caused by a natural cycle of ocean and atmospheric changes. The cycle is called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
- During La Nina, the trade winds blow stronger than usual, which pushes warm water away from the western Pacific Ocean and towards the east. This leaves the eastern Pacific Ocean cooler than usual.
- The cooler water in the eastern Pacific Ocean leads to increased evaporation, which creates more clouds and rain.
- The monsoon rains have helped to improve crop yields and boost agricultural production in India.
- This has led to higher incomes for farmers and reduced food prices for consumers.
- The good rains have also helped to improve food security in India by reducing the risk of drought and famine.
- The La Nina event that occurred from July-September 2020 to December-February 2022-23 was one of the longest ever.
- It brought copious rains to India, just as two previous “strong” La Ninas in 2007-08 and 2010-11, followed by one “moderate” episode in 2011-12, had done.
- The most recent Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) value, which is a three-month running average of sea surface temperature (SST) deviation from the normal in the east-central equatorial Pacific, was minus 0.4 degrees Celsius for January-March 2023.
- Since La Nina is characterized by a negative ONI exceeding or equal to minus 0.5 degrees, it means that the so-called ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) cycle has entered a “neutral” phase.
- It is important to note that La Nina is a natural climate pattern and its effects can vary from year to year.
- However, the good monsoon rains that India has experienced since 2019 are a clear sign of the benefits that La Nina can bring to the country.
4. El Nino effect on India's Monsoon
- While La Nina brings good rainfall to India, the opposite "warm" phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle poses a threat.
- During El Nino, the trade winds weaken or reverse, causing warm water masses to shift towards the central and eastern equatorial Pacific.
- This results in increased rainfall in western Latin America, the Caribbean, and the US Gulf Coast, while Southeast Asia, Australia, and India experience reduced convective currents.
6. Forecasts and Implications
- The Australian Bureau of Meteorology forecasts a 50% chance of El Nino development later in 2023, which is double the normal likelihood.
- Warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have already emerged in parts of the eastern tropical Pacific.
- The India Meteorological Department is scheduled to release its first long-range forecast for the 2023 southwest monsoon.
7. Historical Impact of El Nino on Indian Agriculture
- Drought years and monsoon failures in India have been closely associated with El Nino events of varying intensity since Independence.
- The only exception was 1966-67, while the preceding year experienced a "strong" El Nino. However, not all El Nino years have resulted in agricultural decline.
- Examples include 1982-83 and 1997-98, which saw only marginal decreases in foodgrain output.
- Positive agricultural GDP growth was observed in 1951-52, 1963-64, 1968-69, and 1994-95, coinciding with "moderate" El Nino events.
8. Outlook for 2023
- There is a high statistical probability that 2023 could break the streak of good rainfall years since 2019.
- The likelihood of this outcome remains high, regardless of the presence or strength of El Nino. However, even if El Nino occurs, it may manifest as a "weak" event.
9. Implications and Challenges
- In light of the potential decrease in monsoon rainfall, policymakers and industries, including tractor companies that have experienced record-high sales in recent years, must prepare for a subpar monsoon season.
- The associated political challenges are also significant, given the upcoming national Lok Sabha polls in April-May 2024, heightening the importance of managing the situation effectively.
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For Prelims: El Nino, La Lina, GDP, Rainfall, sea surface temperatures, El Nino Southern Oscillation, Monsoon, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic Nino Index,
For Mains:
1. What is El Nino? Explain El Nino Threat to India's Monsoon and discuss its impact on Indian Agriculture. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. A new type of El Nino called El Nino Modoki appeared in the news. In this context, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. Normal El Nino forms in the Central Pacific ocean whereas El Nino Modoki forms in the Eastern Pacific ocean.
2. Normal El Nino results in diminished hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean but El Nino Modoki results in a greater number of hurricanes with greater frequency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
2. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (UPSC 2011)
1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has an adverse effect on the south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on the monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
3. Consider the following statements: (MPSC 2017)
a. La Nina is a little girl.
b. During the time of La Nina cold water in the ocean rises to the surface.
c. La Nina strengthens the Indian monsoon.
d. During the time of El Nino, trade winds weaken, and warm water moves east in the ocean. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. Only a and b B. a, b and c C. Only b and c D. All of the above
Answer: D
4. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is (SSC CGL 2022)
A. Total value of tradable goods produced in a year.
B. Total value of monetary and non-monetary goods and services within a year.
C. Total value of economic transactions done within a country within a year.
D. None of the above
Answer: D
5. With reference to India economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)
1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade. 2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
6. With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2020)
1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.
2. OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
7. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an EI Nino's impact on the monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
8. "EL Nino" refers to a temperature anomaly in the ________ ocean. (NTPC 2017)
A. Indian B. Pacific C. Southern D. Atlantic
Answer: B
9. The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? (UPSC 2012)
1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected.
2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected.
3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected.
4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: A
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Source: The Indian Express
OVERSEAS CITIZEN OF INDIA (OCI)
1. Context
The Union Home Ministry on Thursday notified the Citizenship (Amendment) Rules, 2026, introducing electronic Overseas Citizen of India (e-OCI) cards, fully online applications, and stricter norms on dual passports for minors.
2.What is an Overseas Citizen of India Card?
- The OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) scheme, introduced in August 2005, allows for the registration of Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) who were citizens of India on or after January 26, 1950, or who were eligible to become Indian citizens on that date.
- While presenting the bill in Parliament, Home Minister LK Advani highlighted that its aim was to offer dual citizenship to the Indian diaspora.
- An OCI cardholder, who typically holds a foreign passport, is granted a multiple-entry, multi-purpose, lifelong visa to India. They are also exempt from registering with local police regardless of the duration of their stay.
- According to government data, by 2023, there were over 4.5 million registered OCI cardholders from 129 countries. The largest number of OCI cardholders were from the United States, with over 1.68 million, followed by the UK (934,000), Australia (494,000), and Canada (418,000).
- Initially, OCI cardholders were granted general parity with Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) in areas like economic, financial, and educational facilities, with the exception of acquiring agricultural or plantation properties. NRIs are Indian citizens residing permanently in foreign
3. Rules regarding OCI
- OCI should not be misunderstood as "dual citizenship." It does not grant political rights such as the ability to vote, become a member of the Indian Parliament or state legislatures, or hold constitutional positions like the President, Vice President, or a Judge in the Supreme or High Courts.
- Additionally, OCI cardholders are generally not allowed to work in government positions.
- They must also obtain prior permission from the Government of India to engage in activities such as missionary work, mountaineering, or journalism.
- Furthermore, like other foreigners, OCI cardholders are required to obtain a Protected Area Permit (PAP) or Restricted Area Permit (RAP) to visit areas designated as protected or restricted by the government
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Constitutional Provisions
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4. Person of Indian Origin (PIO)
As per the Citizenship Act of 1955, you are classified as a Person of Indian Origin (PIO) if you are a foreign national and:
- You have held an Indian passport at some point in time; or
- You, your parents, grandparents, or great-grandparents were born in India as defined by the Government of India Act, 1935, or in territories that later became part of India, as long as none of them were ever citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, or any other country specified by the Indian government; or
- You are married to an Indian citizen or someone of Indian origin who meets the above conditions.
While Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and PIOs have similar eligibility for financial transactions in India, PIOs face some restrictions. These include the inability to:
- Hold employment in the Indian government services,
- Occupy any constitutional office,
- Engage in activities such as mountaineering, missionary work, or research in restricted areas without prior approval,
- Enter India without a valid visa
5. Non resident India (NRI)
A Non-Resident Indian (NRI) is an Indian citizen who resides outside India for an extended period, typically for purposes such as employment, business, or education. NRIs maintain their Indian citizenship but live abroad for a major part of the year. The status of an NRI is primarily defined under the Income Tax Act of 1961 and the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) of 1999, which specify conditions to determine NRI status based on the period of stay in India.
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For Prelims: Citizenship Amendment Act, Minorities, Secularism, NPR, NRC,
For Mains:
1. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of 2019 has sparked significant controversy in India. Critically examine the Act's provisions, highlighting the key concerns and potential implications. In your opinion, does the CAA violate the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution? (250 words)
2. Considering the debates surrounding the CAA, critically analyze the concept of citizenship in India. How has the concept evolved, and what are the challenges in defining and managing citizenship in a diverse democracy like India? (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions
Consider the following statements: (2018) 1. Aadhaar card can be used as a proof of citizenship or domicile.
2. Once issued, the Aadhaar number cannot be deactivated or omitted by the Issuing Authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. What is the position of the Right to Property in India? (UPSC 2021) (a) Legal right available to citizens only
(b) Legal right available to any person
(c) Fundamental Rights available to citizens only
(d) Neither Fundamental Right nor legal right
3. With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012)
1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.
2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modifications in the orders.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
4. Barak Valley in Assam is famous for which among the following? (MSTET 2019)
A. Bamboo Industry
B. Petroleum Production
C. Cottage Industries
D. Tea Cultivation
5. Which one of the following is an important crop of the Barak Valley? (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2019)
A. Sugarcane B. Jute C. Tea D. Cotton
6. Under Assam Accord of 1985, foreigners who had entered Assam before March 25, _____ were to be given citizenship. (DSSSB JE & Section Officer 2022)
A. 1954 B. 1971 C. 1981 D. 1966
Answers: 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-B, 6-B
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Source: The Indian Express
