National level

International level

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In the body of the answer write the Gita Press on the growth and development of Hindi as a language and its role in strengthening Hindu identity in colonial and post-colonial India

Promotion of the Hindi Language

Gita Press has been instrumental in popularizing Hindi as a language of religious and spiritual literature. It has published and distributed a vast array of books, magazines, and scriptures in Hindi, making religious texts accessible to the masses. This contributed to the growth and acceptance of Hindi as a language of religious discourse and cultural expression.

Preservation of Hindu Scriptures

Gita Press has undertaken the crucial task of preserving and publishing Hindu scriptures, including the Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata, and various Puranas. By making these texts available in Hindi, Gita Press has not only preserved ancient wisdom but also made it accessible to Hindi-speaking individuals who may have faced language barriers with Sanskrit or other regional languages.

Dissemination of Hindu Values and Ideology

Gita Press has played a crucial role in disseminating Hindu values, moral teachings, and cultural ethos through its publications. It has sought to reinforce Hindu identity, promote religious rituals, and foster a sense of pride in Hindu traditions and beliefs. The literature published by Gita Press has helped in shaping the worldview and religious consciousness of millions of readers across India.

Social and Cultural Influence

Gita Press has been involved in various philanthropic and social welfare activities, including running hospitals, schools, and religious libraries. It has actively contributed to the preservation and promotion of Hindu culture, fostering a sense of community and religious solidarity among its followers.

Gita Press has played a vital role in disseminating religious literature, preserving Hindu scriptures, promoting Hindi as a language, and reinforcing Hindu identity in colonial and post-colonial India. Its publications continue to have a wide readership, contributing to the cultural, religious, and linguistic fabric of the country.

Body

In the body of the answer write the amendments made to SEBI regulations related to Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) and Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR) and their impact on the Indian Economy

Rationalization of Categories

SEBI has rationalized the categories of FPIs and introduced a new framework to merge the existing categories into two broad categories: Category I and Category II. This move aimed to simplify the classification process and make it easier for FPIs to invest in India.

Ease of Registration

SEBI introduced a single registration process for FPIs, replacing the earlier multiple registration categories. This streamlined registration process facilitates a quicker and more efficient entry for foreign investors.

Enhanced Market Access

SEBI has increased the limit for FPI investment in corporate bonds, enabling greater participation by FPIs in the Indian debt market. Additionally, the regulator has revised the framework for the issuance of offshore derivative instruments (ODIs), making it more transparent and aligned with international best practices.

Strengthening Corporate Governance

SEBI has introduced stricter norms for the composition and functioning of the board of directors, enhanced disclosure requirements, and increased responsibilities for independent directors. These amendments aim to improve corporate governance practices and safeguard the rights of minority shareholders.

Disclosure Requirements

SEBI has mandated more comprehensive disclosures by listed companies, including financial results, related party transactions, and utilization of funds raised through initial public offerings (IPOs). These disclosures enhance transparency and provide investors with crucial information for making informed investment decisions.

Increased Foreign Investments

The amendments to FPI regulations simplify the investment process and attract more foreign investments into the Indian market. This influx of funds can contribute to economic growth, job creation, and infrastructure development.

Enhanced Corporate Governance

The amendments to LODR regulations promote transparency, accountability, and good corporate governance practices among listed companies. This, in turn, enhances investor confidence, attracts more investments, and strengthens the overall financial ecosystem.

Improved Investor Protection

The amendments to both FPI and LODR regulations aim to protect the interests of investors by ensuring better disclosures, transparency, and adherence to corporate governance norms. This fosters trust in the market and encourages more participation from domestic and foreign investors.

The amendments made to SEBI regulations related to FPIs and LODR are likely to have a positive impact on the Indian economy. By increasing transparency and disclosure, relaxing investment limits, and consolidating regulations, the amendments will make it easier for FPIs to invest in India and could lead to increased investment and growth.

Enhancing Storage Capacity: The massive grain storage plan focuses on increasing the storage capacity for grains, including rice and wheat, in the cooperative sector. This involves the construction of modern storage facilities, such as warehouses and silos, equipped with proper ventilation, pest control mechanisms, and moisture management systems. By expanding storage capacity, farmers can store their harvested crops for longer durations without the risk of spoilage or loss.

Minimizing Post-Harvest Losses: Insufficient storage infrastructure has been a major challenge for farmers in India, leading to substantial post-harvest losses. Inadequate storage facilities often result in spoilage due to exposure to pests, moisture, and unfavorable weather conditions. The massive grain storage plan addresses this issue by providing improved storage facilities, reducing post-harvest losses, and enabling farmers to sell their produce at favorable prices.

Enhancing Market Access and Negotiation Power: With access to better storage infrastructure, farmers gain the flexibility to store their crops and sell them at more opportune times. They can wait for better market conditions, negotiate better prices, and avoid distressed sales during periods of market glut. This empowerment enhances farmers' bargaining power and contributes to their economic well-being.

Ensuring Food Security: Adequate storage capacity plays a crucial role in ensuring food security for the nation. With efficient grain storage, the government can procure and maintain larger quantities of food grains, enabling effective distribution through the public distribution system (PDS) and welfare programs. The massive grain storage plan facilitates the maintenance of strategic grain reserves, which are vital during times of food scarcity or emergencies.

Kamala Sohonie's Research on Neera:

Kamala Sohonie's research focused on analyzing the nutritional content of Neera and understanding its potential as a dietary supplement. She conducted studies to determine the presence of essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in Neera. Sohonie's research provided valuable insights into the nutritional profile of Neera and its potential as a locally available and sustainable resource for addressing malnutrition.

Significance of Findings:

Sohonie's findings regarding Neera have significant implications for addressing malnutrition, particularly among children from tribal communities in India. Malnutrition is a persistent issue in these communities due to limited access to diverse and nutritious food sources. Neera, being a natural product rich in essential nutrients, can serve as a valuable supplement to combat nutritional deficiencies.

Implications for Public Health:

The findings of Sohonie's research have broader implications for public health in India. By exploring and promoting indigenous food sources like Neera, public health initiatives can focus on sustainable and culturally appropriate solutions to address malnutrition. Integrating Neera into government nutrition programs, school meal schemes, and community-based interventions can contribute to better health outcomes and improved nutritional status among vulnerable populations.

Conclusion

Conclude the answer in a short and crisp as per the demand of the question

Kamala Sohonie's research on Neera and its potential in addressing malnutrition among children from tribal communities in India has significant implications for public health. Her findings shed light on the nutritional composition of Neera and its viability as a dietary supplement. By incorporating Neera into interventions aimed at combating malnutrition, public health efforts can promote sustainable and culturally appropriate solutions to improve the nutritional status and well-being of vulnerable populations. 

Causes of Severe Damage:

Strong Winds: One of the primary reasons landfall causes severe damage is the presence of powerful winds associated with the cyclone. These winds can reach high velocities, often exceeding 100 miles per hour, and can cause widespread destruction of structures, uproot trees, damage power lines, and disrupt communication networks.

Storm Surge: A significant factor contributing to the destruction during landfall is the storm surge. As the cyclone approaches the coast, it pushes a large mass of water toward the land. This surge, combined with high tides, can result in the flooding of coastal areas, leading to the submergence of low-lying regions, erosion of beaches, and damage to infrastructure and properties located near the coastline.

Conclusion

Conclude the answer in a simple and balanced way 

The landfall of a cyclone, marked by the movement of its core from the sea to the land, is a critical phase that often results in severe damage to coastal areas. The strong winds, storm surges, heavy rainfall, flooding, tornadoes, and squall lines associated with landfall contribute to the destruction of infrastructure, disruption of essential services, and loss of life and livelihoods. Effective disaster preparedness, early warning systems, and resilient infrastructure are crucial in mitigating the impact of cyclone landfalls and ensuring the safety and well-being of coastal communities.

Impacts on India:

Monsoon Variability: El Niño influences the Indian monsoon, leading to below-average rainfall. The warming of the Pacific disrupts the normal monsoon circulation, resulting in reduced precipitation in India. This can lead to droughts, water scarcity, and a decline in agricultural productivity.

Crop Failure and Food Prices: India heavily relies on monsoon rains for its agriculture sector. A weak monsoon due to El Niño can result in crop failures and reduced agricultural yields. This leads to a decrease in food supply, increased food prices, and food insecurity, particularly affecting vulnerable populations.

Energy Sector: El Niño also impacts energy prices in India. Lower rainfall and reduced hydropower generation during weak monsoons result in increased dependence on thermal power generation. This leads to higher demand for coal and other fossil fuels, causing a rise in energy prices.

Conclusion

Conclude your answer in a short and crisp by writing all the aspects as per the demand of the question

India is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of El Niño due to its heavy reliance on monsoon rains for agriculture, energy generation, and water resources. Weak monsoons resulting from El Niño can lead to crop failures, food price inflation, increased energy prices, water stress, and health concerns. To mitigate these impacts, it is crucial for India to focus on climate change adaptation strategies, such as improving water management systems, diversifying agricultural practices, and enhancing disaster preparedness. 

Education and Skills Enhance Employability: Higher levels of education and specialized skills enhance the employability of Indian migrants in destination countries. Skilled migrants often have access to better job opportunities in sectors that offer higher wages. Professions like medicine, engineering, IT, and finance are in demand globally, enabling skilled migrants to command higher salaries and contribute significantly to remittance flows.

Career Progression and Income Levels: Education and skills enable migrants to access jobs with better growth prospects and promotions. Higher qualification levels open doors to industries with higher wages, allowing migrants to earn more over time.

Conclusion

Conclude the answer in a balanced way

In conclusion, education and skills play a vital role in shaping remittance flows to India. Higher levels of education and specialized skills enhance employability, income levels, and access to high-wage sectors for Indian migrants, resulting in increased remittance contributions. Conversely, migrants with lower qualification levels face obstacles in securing well-paying jobs, impacting their income and remittance capabilities. Therefore, policies and initiatives aimed at improving access to quality education and skill development are crucial to enhance the economic contributions of Indian migrants through increased remittances.

Three focus areas under India’s G20 Presidency will include:

(i) Women’s entrepreneurship

(ii) Partnership for promoting women’s leadership at all levels including at the grassroots

(iii) Education as the key to women’s empowerment and equal workforce participation.

Consequences of Thawing Permafrost

• Thawing permafrost can severely impact the planet. One of its most dangerous consequences is the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. 
• A 2022 report by NASA said, “Arctic permafrost alone holds an estimated 1,700 billion metric tons of carbon, including methane and carbon dioxide”. That’s roughly 51 times the amount of carbon the world released as fossil fuel emissions in 2019
• Plant matter frozen in permafrost doesn’t decay, but when permafrost thaws, microbes within the dead plant material start to break the matter down, releasing carbon into the atmosphere. It could also unleash various dominant viruses and bacteria
• Due to rising global temperatures, thawing permafrost is likely to destabilise thousands of industrial sites and linked contaminated areas in the Arctic region which could result in the spread of toxic substances across the region
• The Arctic is getting warmer nearly four times as fast as the rest of the planet due to climate change, permafrost is thawing rapidly, which could destabilise not only the industrial sites but also the contaminated areas
• There are various industrial wastes (in the region) including drilling and mining wastes, toxic substances like drilling muds and fluids, mine waste heaps, heavy metals, spilled fuels, and radioactive waste

Conclusion

Your concluding remark should be short and should encapsulate both parts of the answer

A thawing permafrost layer can lead to severe impacts on people and the environment. For instance, as ice-filled permafrost thaws, it can turn into a mud slurry that cannot support the weight of the soil and vegetation above it. Infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and pipes could be damaged as permafrost thaws

Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants that have had their genetic makeup altered in a way that does not occur naturally. This can be done by inserting genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, or by removing genes. GM crops are often engineered to have specific traits, such as resistance to herbicides or pests, or to improve nutritional content.

In India, the regulation of GM crops is overseen by the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), which is a body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The GEAC has a two-step process for approving GM crops for commercialization:

The GEAC has approved the commercialization of 11 GM crops in India, including Bt cotton, which is the most widely grown GM crop in the country. However, there are still concerns about the safety of GM crops, and some farmers have reported problems with Bt cotton, such as the development of resistance to the Bt toxin.

The regulation of GM crops in India is a complex and controversial issue. There is still much debate about the safety of GM crops, and the GEAC's approval process has been criticized for being too slow and bureaucratic. However, the GEAC is committed to ensuring the safety of GM crops before they are approved for commercialization.

The debate over GM crops is likely to continue for many years to come. There is still much research that needs to be done to understand the potential benefits and risks of GM crops. However, GM crops have the potential to improve food security and nutrition in India, and the GEAC is committed to ensuring that they are safe before they are approved for commercialization.

El Nino is a climate pattern that occurs when the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean warms above average. This warming disrupts the normal weather patterns in the region, including the monsoon rains that are vital for agriculture in India.

Here are some of the ways that El Nino can impact Indian agriculture:

Cancel culture is a modern form of ostracism in which someone is thrust out of social or professional circles whether online or in person after they have done or said something considered objectionable or offensive.

Cancel culture is often driven by social media, where users can quickly and easily share information about someone's past behaviour, leading to calls for boycotts, job losses, and other forms of punishment.

Here are some of the ways that cancel culture can be good for society

• It can hold people accountable for their actions.
• It can help to create a more inclusive and tolerant society.
• It can educate people about harmful behavior.

Cancel culture can also have some negative consequences

• It can be used to silence dissent.
• It can be used to punish people for things they have said or done in the past, even if they have since apologized or changed their behavior.
• It can be harmful to mental health.

Here are some of the key points of the Indo-US relationship in agriculture:

• The United States has been a major supporter of India's agricultural sector, providing financial and technical assistance for decades.
• The two countries have a strong trade relationship in agricultural products, with India exporting a variety of crops to the United States, including rice, wheat, and fruits and vegetables.
• The Indo-US relationship in agriculture is likely to continue to grow in importance in the coming years, as both countries work to meet the growing demand for food and agricultural products.

An interlocking system is a railway signalling system that prevents trains from colliding by ensuring that only one train can be on a section of track at a time. The system works by mechanically or electronically interlocking the points and signals at a railway station so that they cannot be set in a way that would allow two trains to occupy the same section of track.

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In the body of the answer write the components of the Interlocking system and the causes of the recent Odisha Train Accident

The components of an interlocking system include:

Here are some of the steps that the Indian Railways can take to improve the safety of its interlocking system:

By taking these steps, the Indian Railways can help to prevent future train accidents.

A simple introduction to this answer can revolve around a basic fact such as:

The Indian Ocean has emerged as a critical conduit for trade, commerce, and energy. The waters of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) have become a home for economic developments, disputes, conflicts, and competition for regional influence by regional and extra-regional powers.

The Indian Ocean remains a pivot, being the world’s busiest trade route. Around 80 percent of the world’s maritime oil trade passes through the IOR

Body:

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

Security Challenges

• The Indian Ocean region faces many traditional and non-traditional safety and security challenges including piracy, armed robberies at sea, terrorism, human trafficking, irregular movement of persons, drugs trafficking, illicit trafficking in wildlife, trafficking of weapons, crimes in the fisheries sector such as IUU fishing, degradation of ocean health, unlawful exploitation of marine resources and climate change with its related repercussions on environmental security.
• The rise of China across the maritime region has compelled nations (including India) to reshape their maritime strategies.
• India’s geographical location in the Indian Ocean region (IOR) is crucial from strategic and economic points of view. The long coastline with deep-water ports, a prosperous Exclusive Economic Zone and islands at both ends present a unique position.
• The IOR accounts for more than two-thirds of the world’s oil shipments. One-third of bulk cargo and more than half of container traffic pass through it. The safety of these sea routes is not only directly connected to our economic interests, but it also establishes India as a net security provider in the IOR.

A simple introduction to this answer can revolve around a basic fact such as:

According to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), it is defined as “Development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs”. The use of the concept of ‘needs’ in the definition is linked to the distribution of resources.

or

According to the seminal report – Our Common Future, it is defined as “meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life”.

Body:

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

• The year 2015 has been a milestone for global development as governments have adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, along with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The bold agenda sets out a global framework to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and fix climate change until 2030.
• Tourism has the potential to contribute, directly or indirectly, to all of the goals. In particular, it has been included as a target in Goals 8, 12 and 14 on inclusive and sustainable economic growth, sustainable consumption and production (SCP) and the sustainable use of oceans and marine resources, respectively.
• India is focused on using tourism as a vehicle to achieve Sustainable Development Goals during the G20 presidency.
• Indian villages are getting global recognition for rural tourism. For example, Pochampli village in Telangana has been declared one of the best tourism villages by the United Nations World Tourism Organisation.
• Tourism has the potential to generate the maximum number of employment with minimum investment and thus tourism can be a positive force for economic transformation, rural development and community well-being.
• Tourism could be used to enable sales of local products and services, youth to become entrepreneurs; provides a channel for employment of women and non-advantaged communities like tribals and thus leads to community empowerment and poverty alleviation.

A Bachelor of Science in Humanities and Commerce is a four-year undergraduate degree program that combines the study of humanities and commerce. The program is designed to provide students with a broad foundation in both disciplines, as well as the skills and knowledge necessary to pursue a career in a variety of fields.

The humanities component of the program includes courses in literature, philosophy, history, and other subjects that explore the human experience. The commerce component of the program includes courses in economics, accounting, finance, and other subjects that prepare students for careers in business and finance.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) Committee on Four-year Degree Courses has made several recommendations for the Bachelor of Science in Humanities and Commerce program. These recommendations include:

• Increasing the number of compulsory courses in the humanities and social sciences.
• Introducing more interdisciplinary courses.
• Providing more opportunities for students to gain practical experience.
• Making the program more flexible to allow students to tailor it to their interests and career goals.

The UGC's recommendations are designed to make the Bachelor of Science in Humanities and Commerce program more relevant to the needs of students and employers in the 21st century. The program is expected to become more interdisciplinary, flexible, and practical, and to provide students with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in a variety of fields.

The UGC Committee's proposals on Four-year degree courses align with the objectives of the Bachelor of Science in Humanities and Commerce program. The recommendations emphasize interdisciplinary learning, skill development, flexibility, industry integration, and research-based education, all of which can enhance the quality and relevance of the program. By implementing these recommendations, universities can provide students with a comprehensive and dynamic educational experience that prepares them for the challenges of a rapidly evolving professional landscape.

The key objectives of the JCPOA were as follows:

Limiting Uranium Enrichment: Iran agreed to reduce its stockpile of enriched uranium by 98% and limit its uranium enrichment to 3.67% for a period of 15 years. This significantly extended the time it would take for Iran to develop enough fissile material for a nuclear weapon.

Enhanced Monitoring and Verification: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was granted extensive access and monitoring rights to Iran's nuclear facilities. This allowed for regular inspections and verification of Iran's compliance with the agreement.

However, in May 2018, the United States under the administration of President Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA and reimposed sanctions on Iran. The primary reasons for the U.S. withdrawal were as follows:

Concerns about Non-Nuclear Activities: The United States criticized the JCPOA for not addressing Iran's ballistic missile program, regional influence, and alleged support for terrorist organizations. The U.S. argued that these issues should have been included in the agreement.

Sunset Provisions: The JCPOA had certain limitations on Iran's nuclear activities that were time-limited. The U.S. administration raised concerns that once these limitations expired, Iran would be free to pursue nuclear weapons capabilities.

Conclusion

Conclude your answer in a short and simple way by understanding the demand of the question

The U.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA created significant tensions between Iran and the remaining parties to the agreement. Iran gradually scaled back its compliance with certain provisions of the deal, citing the failure of other parties to uphold their commitments. Efforts to salvage the agreement have continued, with ongoing negotiations between Iran, the European Union, and the other remaining parties, but the future of the JCPOA remains uncertain.

Renewable Energy Integration: Increasing the share of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower in the energy mix is a key strategy. This involves deploying renewable energy systems on a large scale, incentivizing their adoption through policy measures, and ensuring their seamless integration into the existing energy grid.

Energy Efficiency Measures: Improving energy efficiency across all sectors is essential for reducing energy consumption and minimizing carbon emissions. This can be achieved through measures like building insulation, energy-efficient appliances, efficient transportation systems, and smart grid technologies.

Conclusion

Conclude your answer in a short and crisp manner according to the question

Overall, a successful energy system transition requires a multi-faceted approach, involving technological advancements, supportive policies, stakeholder collaboration, and public participation. By implementing these strategies, cities can mitigate the impacts of climate change, improve air quality, enhance energy security, and foster sustainable and livable environments for their residents

Biofuels are fuels made from organic matter, such as plant or animal waste. They can be used to power vehicles, heat homes, and generate electricity. Biofuels are considered to be a renewable resource, which means that they can be produced without depleting the Earth's natural resources.

There are two main types of biofuels:

• Ethanol: Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is made from plant materials, such as corn, sugarcane, or wheat. It can be blended with gasoline to create a fuel that is cleaner-burning and more efficient than pure gasoline.
• Biodiesel: Biodiesel is a type of diesel fuel that is made from vegetable oil or animal fat. It is a drop-in replacement for petroleum diesel, meaning that it can be used in vehicles without any modifications.

Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) is a regional navigation satellite developed by the Indian Space Research and Organisation (ISRO) to meet the nation’s positioning, navigation and timing requirements

Body:

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

NavIC is important to India for a number of reasons. First, it provides a secure and reliable alternative to other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as GPS. Second, it can be used to improve the accuracy of positioning and navigation for a variety of applications, including transportation, agriculture, and disaster management. Third, it can be used to improve the timing accuracy of critical infrastructure, such as power grids and telecommunications networks

NavIC is a major technological achievement for India and will play an important role in the country's economic and social development. It is also a significant step towards India's goal of becoming a self-reliant nation in the field of space technology.

Here are some of the benefits of NavIC:

• Improved accuracy: NavIC provides more accurate positioning and navigation than other GNSS systems, especially in areas with poor signal reception, such as forests, mountains, and urban canyons.
• Increased reliability: NavIC is less vulnerable to jamming and spoofing than other GNSS systems, making it more reliable for critical applications such as navigation for defense and emergency services.
• Reduced costs: NavIC is a regional system, which means that it requires fewer satellites than global systems like GPS. This reduces the cost of developing and operating the system.

Contribution to Exports: According to the WTO, India’s services export market share improved from 3% in 2010 to 3.5% in 2019 and 4% in 2020 and 2021. Despite the impact of COVID-19, there was an increase of ~25% in net exports of services in 2021-22. The Government has set a target of services export of US$ 350 billion in FY2022-23, 37% higher than ~US$ 255 billion exports in 2021-22.

Challenges Faced by Service Sector in India

Lack of Government Incentives: Many experts feel that the Government has not provided incentives to the services sector on the same lines as the manufacturing sector e.g., under the export promotion scheme for manufacturing, MEIS (Merchandise Exports Incentive Scheme), merchandise exporters benefited to the extent of over INR 40,000 crore in 2018-19. The corresponding benefit for service exporters under SEIS (Services Exports Incentive Scheme) was INR 4,000 (10% of merchandise exporters).

Trade Restrictions: Services sector is hampered by restrictions placed by foreign governments like restrictions on the movement of service professionals, domestic certification requirements for foreign service providers tax on offshore income of Indian service firms, etc. These restrictions limit the export potential of India’s Services Sector.

Conclusion

The conclusion has to be balanced and short about the future of the service sector in India.

A simple introduction to this answer can revolve around a basic fact such as:

A cloudburst is a localised but intense rainfall over a small geographical area that can cause widespread destruction, especially in hilly regions where this phenomenon is most common.

According to the Indian Meteorological Department, if 10 cm of rainfall is received at a station in one hour, the rain event is termed a cloud burst. Predicting the cloud bursts is difficult due to their very small scale in space and time

Body:

Start your Answer with the main theme of the question 

In India, cloudbursts often occur during the monsoon season, when the southwesterly monsoon winds bring copious amounts of moisture inland.

The moist air that converges over land gets lifted as it encounters the hills. The moist air reaches an altitude and gets saturated, and the water starts condensing out of the air, forming clouds.

This is how clouds usually form, but such an orographic lifting together with a strong moisture convergence can lead to intense cumulonimbus clouds taking in huge volumes of moisture that are dumped during cloudbursts.

Tall cumulonimbus clouds can develop in about half an hour as the moisture updraft happens rapidly, at a pace of 60 to 120 km/hr.

A single-cell cloud may last for an hour and dump all the rain in the last 20 to 30 minutes, while some of these clouds merge to form multi-cell storms and last for several hours. Cloudbursts occur mostly over the rugged terrain of the Himalayas, Western Ghats, and northeastern hill states of India.

The heavy spells of rain on the fragile steep slopes trigger landslides, debris flows, and flash floods, causing large-scale destruction and loss of people and property.

 Recent events:

On July 8, 2022, flash floods occurred in the Lidder Valley en route to Amarnath Temple in Jammu and Kashmir, taking the lives of several pilgrims.

Himachal Pradesh (2003), Ladakh (2010) and Uttarakhand (2013)

Conclusion

Your conclusions should be balanced, simple and short. It weighs more if you add factual data and a possible solution to Cloudburst

Ground monitoring stations can hardly capture the characteristics of cloudbursts due to their highly localised and short occurrences. Hence, most of these events go unreported due to the lack of monitoring mechanisms in the region, weakening our ability to understand them from a complete perspective.

The temple is enclosed within a compound wall.

The front wall has an entrance gateway in its center, which is known as a gopuram.

 The shape of the main temple tower, vimana, is like a stepped pyramid that rises up geometrically.

The word ‘shikhara’ is used only for the crowning element at the top of the temple which is usually shaped like a small stupika or an octagonal cupola.

Large water reservoir or a temple tank is enclosed within the complex.

The subsidiary shrines are either incorporated within the main temple tower or located as distinct, separate small shrines beside the main temple.

The gopurams have been even loftier for example in the Srirangam temple in Tiruchirapally has as many as seven ‘concentric’ rectangular enclosure walls, each with gopurams

Contributions of the Chola dynasty

The Great Living Chola Temples were built by kings of the Chola Empire, which stretched over all of south India and the neighboring islands.

Temples also started becoming the focus of urban architecture. Kanchipuram, Thanjavur or Tanjore, Madurai and Kumbakonam are the most famous temple towns of Tamil Nadu.

The three Great Chola Temples are an exceptional and the most outstanding testimony to the development of the architecture of the Chola Empire and the Tamil civilisation in Southern India.

Examples:

(i) The gigantic Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur is perhaps one of the finest examples of the Cholas’ artistic brilliance.

(ii) The Brihadeshvara temple complex at Gangaikondacholapuram.

(ii) The Airavatesvara temple complex, built by Rajaraja II, at Darasuram, features a 24-m vimana and a stone image of Shiva which testify to the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting.

Conclusion

Concluding remarks are very important, Conclusion looks good if you add some relatable quotes

The doyen of South Indian history, Nilakantha Sastri, in his 1955 book The Cholas, writes that under Rajaraja I and his successors, the Chola Empire had reached the capacity of ‘Byzantine royalty’ “with its numerous palaces, officials and ceremonials and its majestic display of the concentrated resources of an extensive empire.”  Temples architecture was definitely an important part of their history.

Ahilyabai was also a great patron of Hindu temples. She built over 300 temples throughout Malwa, including the famous Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi. She also built many other religious structures, such as ghats, wells, and rest houses.

Ahilyabai Holkar was a wise and compassionate ruler who made a significant contribution to the development of Malwa. She is remembered as one of the greatest rulers in Indian history.

Here are some of the temples built by Ahilyabai Holkar:

• Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi
• Mahakaleshwar Temple, Ujjain
• Ambabai Temple, Indore
• Jyotirlinga Temple, Gwalior
• Rameshwaram Temple, Rameswaram